U.S. Southern Ocean Global Ecosystems Dynamics Program (original) (raw)

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The U.S. Southern Ocean Global Ecosystems Dynamics Program (SO GLOBEC) focuses on understanding the Antarctic marine ecosystem, particularly in relation to climate change and its impacts on marine species, including Antarctic krill and their predators. The program builds on past multidisciplinary expeditions and emphasizes an ecosystem approach to managing marine resources in cooperation with the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). It integrates results from scientific research into management strategies to ensure the sustainability of Antarctic marine ecosystems.

Figures (10)

Figure 1. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and its primary predators (clockwise from top): minke whale (Balaenopte: acutorostrata), a cryopelagic Antarctic fish (Pagothenia borchgrevinki), Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), crabeat seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Photograph credits are: Dan Costa for crabeater seal, minke whale, and Adeélie pengui: Randy Davis for fish; and Sue Beardsley for Antarctic krill. The initial planning for the SO GLOBEC program also benefited from the approach developed by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which operates under treaty mandate to manage the marine living resources of the Southern Ocean (Croxall, 1994). The CCAMLR approach is to manage species in an ecosystem context, which is unique in marine resource management. CCAMLE has established programs to monitor the sta- tus of harvested resources, such as Antarctic krill, and key species that are dependent on the harvested resources, like penguins and seals. Results from SO GLOBEC that give improved understanding of the effect of climate change on marine populations will directly feed into the design and implementation of the CCAMLR long-term monitoring programs. This will provide an avenue for the transfer of SO GLOBEC sci- entific program results into an ongoing effort to man-

Figure 1. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and its primary predators (clockwise from top): minke whale (Balaenopte: acutorostrata), a cryopelagic Antarctic fish (Pagothenia borchgrevinki), Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), crabeat seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Photograph credits are: Dan Costa for crabeater seal, minke whale, and Adeélie pengui: Randy Davis for fish; and Sue Beardsley for Antarctic krill. The initial planning for the SO GLOBEC program also benefited from the approach developed by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which operates under treaty mandate to manage the marine living resources of the Southern Ocean (Croxall, 1994). The CCAMLR approach is to manage species in an ecosystem context, which is unique in marine resource management. CCAMLE has established programs to monitor the sta- tus of harvested resources, such as Antarctic krill, and key species that are dependent on the harvested resources, like penguins and seals. Results from SO GLOBEC that give improved understanding of the effect of climate change on marine populations will directly feed into the design and implementation of the CCAMLR long-term monitoring programs. This will provide an avenue for the transfer of SO GLOBEC sci- entific program results into an ongoing effort to man-

Mooring Deployments The U.S. SO GLOBEC field activities began in early 2001 with the deployment of an array of current meter moorings from the R/V Laurence M. Gould (Table 1) and details of the mooring cruise are given in U.S. SO GLOBEC (2001a). The current meter moorings were placed along a line extending off Adelaide Island and along a line across the opening of Marguerite Bay

Mooring Deployments The U.S. SO GLOBEC field activities began in early 2001 with the deployment of an array of current meter moorings from the R/V Laurence M. Gould (Table 1) and details of the mooring cruise are given in U.S. SO GLOBEC (2001a). The current meter moorings were placed along a line extending off Adelaide Island and along a line across the opening of Marguerite Bay

Figure 2. Tracks followed by the U.S. SO GLOBEC cruis- es in 2001 (shown in panel c). The process cruises in April to June and July to September are designated by LMG01-04 and LMG01-06, respectively. The survey cruises for the same time periods are designated by NBPO1-03 and NBPO1-04, respectively. The red squares show the locations of the current meter moorings that were deployed in March 2001. Bottom bathymetry con- tours are given in meters. Marguerite Bay is the indenta- tion in the coastline of the Antarctic Peninsula. Adelaide Island and Alexander Island are located to the north and south of Marguerite Bay, respectively. The surrounding figures show a) Adelaide Island, b) Lazarev Bay on the coast of Alexander Island, d) an iceberg near Marguerite Bay, and e) the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer working in sea ice off Adelaide Island. Photographs by John Klinck, Eileen Hofmann, and Baris Salihoglu.

Figure 2. Tracks followed by the U.S. SO GLOBEC cruis- es in 2001 (shown in panel c). The process cruises in April to June and July to September are designated by LMG01-04 and LMG01-06, respectively. The survey cruises for the same time periods are designated by NBPO1-03 and NBPO1-04, respectively. The red squares show the locations of the current meter moorings that were deployed in March 2001. Bottom bathymetry con- tours are given in meters. Marguerite Bay is the indenta- tion in the coastline of the Antarctic Peninsula. Adelaide Island and Alexander Island are located to the north and south of Marguerite Bay, respectively. The surrounding figures show a) Adelaide Island, b) Lazarev Bay on the coast of Alexander Island, d) an iceberg near Marguerite Bay, and e) the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer working in sea ice off Adelaide Island. Photographs by John Klinck, Eileen Hofmann, and Baris Salihoglu.

Table 1. Summary of SO GLOBEC cruises that have occurred and are planned. Western Antarctic Peninsula is abbreviated as WAP.

Table 1. Summary of SO GLOBEC cruises that have occurred and are planned. Western Antarctic Peninsula is abbreviated as WAP.

Figure 3. The Bio-Optical Multifrequency Acoustical and Physical Environmental Recorder (BIOMAPER-ID) being brought back on board the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer during the first U.S. SO GLOBEC survey cruise, 17 April to 5 June 2001. Photograph by Eileen Hofmann.

Figure 3. The Bio-Optical Multifrequency Acoustical and Physical Environmental Recorder (BIOMAPER-ID) being brought back on board the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer during the first U.S. SO GLOBEC survey cruise, 17 April to 5 June 2001. Photograph by Eileen Hofmann.

Figure 5. Preliminary three-dimensional rendering of the 120 kHz volume backscattering data collected on the first U.S. SO GLOBEC survey cruise in April-May 2001. Data provided by and used with permission of Dr. Peter Wiebe, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The acoustic observations from the individual track-lines are then combined to provide three-dimen- sional renderings of the scattering record (Figure 5). The acoustic scattering at specific frequencies, when combined with taxonomic information from MOC- NESS samples and appropriate zooplankton scattering models, is indicative of particular species, such as

Figure 5. Preliminary three-dimensional rendering of the 120 kHz volume backscattering data collected on the first U.S. SO GLOBEC survey cruise in April-May 2001. Data provided by and used with permission of Dr. Peter Wiebe, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The acoustic observations from the individual track-lines are then combined to provide three-dimen- sional renderings of the scattering record (Figure 5). The acoustic scattering at specific frequencies, when combined with taxonomic information from MOC- NESS samples and appropriate zooplankton scattering models, is indicative of particular species, such as

Figure 4. The ctenophore, Callianira antarctica, filled with furcilia of Antarctic krill. Photograph by Kendra Daly. Lille COLL dot a COTLLGIULOLIS re Br ts one unexpeci the two seasons is already providing insight into how Antarctic krill interact with its environment and predators. more det Because sea ice formed late during aus- tral fall, concentrations of sea ice biota were relatively low on the undersur- face of ice floes during winter and, therefore, was not an abundant food resource for Antarctic krill. Both lar- val and adult krill continued to feed during winter but had reduced metabolic, growth, and developmental rates. Antarctic krill also must avoid predation in order to survive during the winter. While predators of large krill are well-known (e.g. seals and penguins) little is known about predators of larval krill. During the 2001 U.S. SO GLOBEC studies, the ctenophore, Callianira antarctica, was relatively abundant under sea ice and ingested larval krill, and thus may be a primary pred- ator on overwintering larvae (Figure 4). have bee

Figure 4. The ctenophore, Callianira antarctica, filled with furcilia of Antarctic krill. Photograph by Kendra Daly. Lille COLL dot a COTLLGIULOLIS re Br ts one unexpeci the two seasons is already providing insight into how Antarctic krill interact with its environment and predators. more det Because sea ice formed late during aus- tral fall, concentrations of sea ice biota were relatively low on the undersur- face of ice floes during winter and, therefore, was not an abundant food resource for Antarctic krill. Both lar- val and adult krill continued to feed during winter but had reduced metabolic, growth, and developmental rates. Antarctic krill also must avoid predation in order to survive during the winter. While predators of large krill are well-known (e.g. seals and penguins) little is known about predators of larval krill. During the 2001 U.S. SO GLOBEC studies, the ctenophore, Callianira antarctica, was relatively abundant under sea ice and ingested larval krill, and thus may be a primary pred- ator on overwintering larvae (Figure 4). have bee

Figure 6. Adélie penguin with satellite transmitter tag that was applied during the first U.S. SO GLOBEC process cruise. Photograph by Joel Bellucci. The process cruises did their own version of drifter deployments by instrumenting Adélie penguins (Figure 6) and crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) (Figure 7) with satellite transmitters. Additional satel- lite transmitters were placed on Adélie penguins in the

Figure 6. Adélie penguin with satellite transmitter tag that was applied during the first U.S. SO GLOBEC process cruise. Photograph by Joel Bellucci. The process cruises did their own version of drifter deployments by instrumenting Adélie penguins (Figure 6) and crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) (Figure 7) with satellite transmitters. Additional satel- lite transmitters were placed on Adélie penguins in the

Figure 7. Crabeater seal with satellite transmitter tag that was attached during the second U.S. SO GLOBEC process cruise. The R/V Laurence M. Gould is shown in the background. Photograph by Dan Costa.

Figure 7. Crabeater seal with satellite transmitter tag that was attached during the second U.S. SO GLOBEC process cruise. The R/V Laurence M. Gould is shown in the background. Photograph by Dan Costa.

Figure 8. The dive tracks of crabeater seals tagged during the first U.S. SO GLOBEC 2001 process cruise present- ed as a pseudo three-dimensional image. Each color repre- sents the track of an individual seal. The surface track incorporates the animals’ diving pattern where data are available. These data are placed in the context of the ocean bathymetry for Marguerite Bay and around Adelaide Island. The black lines show the world vector shoreline data, which do not merge well with the bathymetric data available for the U.S. SO GLOBEC study area. Image provided by Mike Fedak and Phil Lovell of the Sea Mammal Research Unit, St. Andrews, Scotland.

Figure 8. The dive tracks of crabeater seals tagged during the first U.S. SO GLOBEC 2001 process cruise present- ed as a pseudo three-dimensional image. Each color repre- sents the track of an individual seal. The surface track incorporates the animals’ diving pattern where data are available. These data are placed in the context of the ocean bathymetry for Marguerite Bay and around Adelaide Island. The black lines show the world vector shoreline data, which do not merge well with the bathymetric data available for the U.S. SO GLOBEC study area. Image provided by Mike Fedak and Phil Lovell of the Sea Mammal Research Unit, St. Andrews, Scotland.

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