HLA genes in Mexican Mazatecans, the peopling of the Americas and the uniqueness of Amerindians (original) (raw)
Related papers
Origin of Mayans according to HLA genes and the uniqueness of Amerindians
2003
The HLA allele frequency distribution of the Mayans from Guatemala was studied and compared with those of other First American Natives and worldwide populations (a total of 12,364 chromosomes and 6182 individuals from 60 different populations). The main conclusions were (1): the closest Amerindian group to Mayans is the Arhuacs, who were the first recorded Caribbean Islands' inhabitants (2). Mayans are not so close to Mesoamerican Zapotec, Mixe and Mixtec Amerindians, who genetically cluster together. Mixe had been related to Mayans only on linguistic bases (3). DRB1*0407 and DRB1*0802 alleles are found in 50% of Mayans; these alleles are also found in other Amerindians, but the Mayans' high frequencies may be showing a founder effect for this Mesoamerican-Caribbean population (4). Extended Mayan specific HLA haplotypes are described for the first time (5). Language and genes do not completely correlate in microgeographical studies (6). Significant genetic input from outside is not noticed in Meso and South American Amerindians according to the genetic analyses; while all world populations (including Africans, Europeans, Asians, Australians, Polynesians, North American Na-Dene Indians and Eskimos) are genetically related. Meso and South American Amerindians tend to remain isolated in the neighbour joining analyses. It has been established that more than one wave of people gave rise to the American Indians (1, 2). The timing of the peopling of the Americas is under debate, but the most ancient human settlements are found in South and not North America (Monteverde, Chile; Pedra Furada, Brazil). Greenberg put forward the theory that American Indians came from Asia through a Bering land bridge 30,000-6000 years ago in three waves (1, 3): Amerindians (most North and South American Indians) (2), Na-Dene speakers, including Athabascans, Navajo and Apache Indians, and (3) Eskimos. This has come under revision because (a) Asian haplotypes are rarely seen if
2010
The classical three-waves theory of American peopling through Beringia was based on a mixed anthropological and linguistic methodology. The use of mtDNA, Y chromosome and other DNA markers offers different results according to the different markers and methodologies chosen by different authors. At present, the peopling of Americas remains uncertain, regarding: time of population, number of peopling waves and place of peopling entrance among other related issues. In the present review, we have gathered most available HLA data already obtained about First Native American populations, which raise some doubts about the classical three waves of American peopling hypothesis. In summary, our conclusions are: 1) North West Canadian Athabaskans have had gene flow with: a) close neighboring populations, b) Amerindians, c) Pacific Islanders including East Australians and d) Siberians; 2) Beringia was probably not the only entrance of people to America: Pacific Ocean boat trips may have contributed to the HLA genetic American profile (or the opposite could also be true); 3) Amerindians entrance to America may have been different to that of Athabaskans and Eskimos and Amerindians may have been in their lands long before Athabaskans and Eskimos because they present and altogether different set of HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies; 4) Amerindians show very few "particular alleles", almost all are shared with other Amerindians, Athabaskans and Pacific Islanders, including East Australians and Siberians; 5) Our results do not support the three waves model of American peopling, but another model where the people entrance is not only Beringia, but also Pacific Coast. Reverse migration (America to Asia) is not discarded and different movements of people in either direction in different times are supported by the Athabaskan population admixture with Asian-Pacific population and with Amerindians, 6) HLA variability is more common than allele veriability in Amerindians. Finally, it is shown that gene genealogy analises should be completed with allele frequency analyses in population relatednes and migrations studies.
American Indian Prehistory as Written in the MtDNA review
Native Americans have been divided into three linguistic groups: the reasonably well-defined Eskaleut and Nadene of northern North America and the highly heterogeneous Amerind of North, Central, and South America. The heterogeneity of the Amerinds has been proposed to be the result of either multiple independent migrations or a single ancient migration with extensive in situ radiation. To investigate the origin and interrelationship of the American Indians, we examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in 87 Amerinds (Pima, Maya, and Ticuna of North, Central, and South America, respectively), 80 Nadene (Dogrib and Tlingit of northwest North America and Navajo of the southwest North America), and 153 Asians from 7 diverse populations. American Indian mtDNAs were found to be directly descended from five founding Asian mtDNAs and to cluster into four lineages, each characterized by a different rare Asian mtDNA marker. Lineage A is defined by a HaeIII site gain at np 663, lineage B by a 9-bp deletion between the COII and tRNA Lys genes, lineage C by a HincII site loss at np 13259, and lineage D by an AluI site loss at np 5176. The North, Central, and South America Amerinds were found to harbor all four lineages, demonstrating that the Amerinds originated from a common ancestral genetic stock. The genetic variation of three of the four Amerind lineages (A, C, and D) was similar with a mean value of 0.084%, whereas the sequence variation in the fourth lineage (B) was much lower, raising the possibility of an independent arrival. By contrast, the Nadene mtDNAs were predominantly from lineage A, with 27% of them having a Nadene-specific RsaI site loss at np 16329. The accumulated Nadene variation was only 0.021%. These results demonstrate that the Amerind mtDNAs arose from one or maybe two Asian migrations that were distinct from the migration of the Nadene and that the Amerind populations are about four times older than the Nadene.
Background The Asian origin of Native Americans is largely accepted. However uncertainties persist regarding the source population(s) within Asia, the divergence and arrival time(s) of the founder groups, the number of expansion events, and migration routes into the New World. mtDNA data, presented over the past two decades, have been used to suggest a single-migration model for which the Beringian land mass plays an important role. Results In our analysis of 568 mitochondrial genomes, the coalescent age estimates of shared roots between Native American and Siberian-Asian lineages, calculated using two different mutation rates, are A4 (27.5+/-6.8 kya/22.7+/-7.4 kya), C1 (21.4+/-2.7 kya/16.4+/-1.5 kya), C4 (21.0+/-4.6 kya/20.0+/-6.4 kya), and D4e1 (24.1+/-9.0 kya/17.9+/-10.0 kya). The coalescent age estimates of pan-American haplogroups calculated using the same two mutation rates (A2: 19.5+/-1.3 kya/16.1+/-1.5 kya, B2: 20.8+/-2.0 kya/18.1+/-2.4 kya, C1: 21.4+/-2.7 kya/16.4+/-1.5 kya and D1: 17.2+/-2.0 kya/14.9+/-2.2 kya) and estimates of population expansions within America (~21-16 kya), support the pre-Clovis occupation of the New World. The phylogeography of sublineages within American haplogroups A2, B2, D1 and the C1b, C1c andC1d subhaplogroups of C1 are complex and largely specific to geographical North, Central and South America. However some sub-branches (B2b, C1b, C1c, C1d and D1f) already existed in American founder haplogroups before expansion into the America. Conclusions Our results suggest that Native American founders diverged from their Siberian-Asian progenitors sometime during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and expanded into America soon after the LGM peak (~20-16 kya). The phylogeography of haplogroup C1 suggest that this American founder haplogroup differentiated in Siberia-Asia. The situation is less clear for haplogroup B2, however haplogroups A2 and D1 may have differentiated soon after the Native American founders divergence. A moderate population bottle neck in American founder populations just before the expansion most plausibly resulted in few founder types in America. The similar estimates of the diversity indices and Bayesian skyline analysis in North America, Central America and South America suggest almost simultaneous (~ 2.0 ky from South to North America) colonization of these geographical regions with rapid population expansion differentiating into more or less regional branches across the pan-American haplogroups.
International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2010
Aim: To compare the Amerindians HLA allele frequencies with those of other First American Natives and also those of other worldwide populations in order to clarify the still unclear peopling of the Americas and the origins of Amerindians. Subjects and methods: All possible HLA data already obtained about early Native American populations are used. Genetic distances and N-J dendrogram method are applied. Results and conclusions: Results and discussion have given to the following conclusions: 1) Pacific Ocean boat trips may have contributed to the HLA genetic American profile (or vice versa); 2) North West Canadian Athabaskans have had gene flow with close neighboring populations, Amerindians, Pacific Islanders including East Australians, and Siberians; 3) Amerindians entrance to America may have been different to that of Athabaskans, Aleuts and Eskimos; Amerindians may have been in their lands long before Athabaskans and Eskimos because they present and altogether different set of HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies; 4) Amerindians show very few-particular‖ single-locus alleles, but have unique extended haplotypes; 5) Our results do not support the three-wave model of American peopling, but another model where the Pacific Coast is also an entrance point. Reverse migration (America to Asia) is not discarded and different movements of people in either direction in different times are supported by the Athabaskan population admixture with Asian-Pacific population and with Amerindians.
Peopling of the Americas, Founded by Four Major Lineages of Mitochondrial DNA
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the major noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA from various races was extended with 72 Native Americans from 16 different local populations (nine populations from Chile, four from Colombia, and one each from Brazil and from Maya and Apache Indians). The sequences were determined directly from the polymerase chain reaction products. On the basis of a comparison of the 482-bp sequences in the 72 Native Americans, 43 different types of mitochondrial DNA sequences were observed. The nucleotide diversity within the Native Americans was estimated to be 1.29%, which is slightly less than the value of 1.44% from the total human population including Africans, Europeans, and Asians. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most Native American lineages are classified into four major distinct clusters. Individuals belonging to each cluster share at least two specific polymorphic sites that are nearly absent in other human populations, indicating a unique phylogenetic position of Native Americans. A phylogenetic tree of 193 individuals including Africans, Europeans, Asians, and Native Americans indicated that the four Native American clusters are distinct and dispersed in the tree. These clusters almost exclusively consist of Native Americanswith only a few Asians, if any. We postulate that four ancestral populations gave rise to different waves of migration to the New World. From the estimated coalescence time of the Asian and Native American lineages, we infer that the first migration across the Bering landbridge took place -14,000-2 1,000 years ago. Furthermore, sequence differences in all pair-wise comparisons of Native Americans showed a bimodal distribution that is significantly different from Poisson. These results suggest that the ancestral Native American population underwent neither a severe bottleneck nor rapid expansion in population size, during the migration of people into the Americas.
Native American mtDNA prehistory in the American Southwest
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2003
This study examines the mtDNA diversity of the proposed descendants of the multiethnic Hohokam and Anasazi cultural traditions, as well as Uto-Aztecan and Southern-Athapaskan groups, to investigate hypothesized migrations associated with the Southwest region. The mtDNA haplogroups of 117 Native Americans from southwestern North America were determined. The hypervariable segment I (HVSI) portion of the control region of 53 of these individuals was sequenced, and the within-haplogroup diversity of 18 Native American populations from North, Central, and South America was analyzed. Within North America, populations in the West contain higher amounts of diversity than in other regions, probably due to a population expansion and high levels of gene flow among subpopulations in this region throughout prehistory. The distribution of haplogroups in the Southwest is structured more by archaeological tradition than by language. Yumans and Pimans exhibit substantially greater genetic diversity than the Jemez and Zuni, probably due to admixture and genetic isolation, respectively. We find no evidence of a movement of mtDNA lineages northward into the Southwest from Central Mexico, which, in combination with evidence from nuclear markers, suggests that the spread of Uto-Aztecan was facilitated by predominantly male migration. Southern Athapaskans probably experienced a bottleneck followed by extensive admixture during the migration to their current homeland in the Southwest. Am J Phys Anthropol 120: 108 -124, 2003.
American Journal of Human Biology, 2004
A number of important insights into the peopling of the New World have been gained through molecular genetic studies of Siberian and Native American populations. While there is no complete agreement on the interpretation of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome (NRY) data from these groups, several generalizations can be made. To begin with, the primary migration of ancestral Asians expanded from south-central Siberia into the New World and gave rise to ancestral Amerindians. The initial migration seems to have occurred between 20,000–15,000 calendar years before present (cal BP), i.e., before the emergence of Clovis lithic sites (13,350–12,895 cal BP) in North America. Because an interior route through northern North America was unavailable for human passage until 12,550 cal BP, after the last glacial maximum (LGM), these ancestral groups must have used a coastal route to reach South America by 14,675 cal BP, the date of the Monte Verde site in southern Chile. The initial migration appears to have brought mtDNA haplogroups A-D and NRY haplogroups P-M45a and Q-242/Q-M3 to the New World, with these genetic lineages becoming widespread in the Americas. A second expansion that perhaps coincided with the opening of the ice-free corridor probably brought mtDNA haplogroup X and NRY haplogroups P-M45b, C-M130, and R1a1-M17 to North and Central America. Finally, populations that formerly inhabited Beringia expanded into northern North America after the LGM, and gave rise to Eskimo-Aleuts and Na-Dené Indians. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:420–439, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.