Configuration, history and impact of the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream (original) (raw)
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Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2002
This report gives an overview of the atmospheric, sea ice and ocean conditions in the Nordic region, including the Baltic Sea, Greenland and Icelandic Waters, the Northern Sea Route and the Nordic Seas, with a focus on how ship traffic is affected and needs updated information to plan and conduct navigation more safely and efficiently. The use of models and observing networks in monitoring and forecasting of sea ice in two regions, the Baltic Sea and Greenland Waters, is described. Main products available from each of these ice services are listed. The role of satellite data in sea ice monitoring is then discussed in general terms, outlining how new high-resolution image data can be used in an operational context. A system for distribution of met-ice-ocean data and information via Internet and other communication networks (e.g. satellite or mobile phone) is described, and examples of how such products can be delivered in real time shown. This system has been developed during an EC-funded project IWICOS (Integrated Weather, Sea Ice and Ocean Service System).
ICEMAR – a System for Sea Ice Information Delivery
Finnish Remote Sensing Days 2012, 2012
The European Space Agency (ESA) GlobSnow project has produced a daily hemisphere-scale satellitebased snow water equivalent (SWE) data record spanning more than 30-years. The GlobSnow SWE record, based on methodology by Pulliainen [1] utilizes a data-assimilation based approach for the estimation of SWE which was shown to be superior to the approaches depending solely on satellite-based data [2]. The GlobSnow SWE data record is based on the time-series of measurements by two different space-borne passive radiometers (SMMR and SSM/I) measuring in the microwave region, spanning from 1979 to present day. The sensors utilized provide data at K-and Ka-bands (19 GHz and 37 GHz respectively) at a spatial resolution of approximately 25 km. The GlobSnow SWE data record is available through the GlobSnow web-pages (www.globsnow.info).
2018
This paper explores the changing infrastructure around weather and sea ice information provisioning for Arctic marine areas. Traditionally, the most important providers of operational information on sea ice and weather conditions are the national sea ice and meteorological services. More recently, the community of Arctic information providers has become more heterogeneous with the establishment of numerous collaborative platforms. Three case studies will enhance our understanding of current developments (BarentsWatch, Polar View and Arctic Web). We analyze their organization and funding structures, the types of services they develop, and their target groups. Based upon these cases, we discuss the information infrastructure’s dynamics and underlying drivers of change. Apart from an expected need for customized services due to changing Arctic activity patterns, new initiatives arise due to a combination of (1) progress in information and communication technology, (2) a need to enhance interoperability of data systems, (3) and a desire to improve customized data conveyance from provider to user. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the changing Arctic information infrastructure and defines directions for further research.
CryoLand - GMES Service Snow and Land Ice - Interoperability, Service Integration and User Access
The CryoLand project implements and validates a standardized and sustainable service on snow and land ice monitoring as a Downstream Service of GMES. It will provide geospatial product coverages of seasonal snow (snow extent, snow mass, melt state), glaciers (area, snow / ice extent, ice velocities, glacier dammed lakes), and lake / river ice (extent, temporal variations, snow burden) derived from Earth observation (EO) satellite data. Processing lines and a service infrastructure will be developed on top of existing Web service environments supporting the publication, provision and chaining of involved geospatial data services. The CryoLand service architecture commits INSPIRE, OGC, and OASIS standards specifically respecting HMA and GENESIS frameworks. User information services offering discovery, view and download functions will be provided.
National ice service operations and products around the world
2015
This chapter is about sea ice – what it is, how it is monitored, by whom and how the information about the dynamically changing sea ice cover is conveyed to those that need this information for efficient and safe navigation. The increase of international shipping activities generated by economic and social developments, transportation needs and utilization of natural resources, are prominent particularly in areas susceptible to sea ice. As sea ice affects marine transport and navigation significantly and directly, provision and development of services for monitoring and forecasting sea ice coverage has generated an increased interest globally.
Sea Ice Downstream Services for Arctic and Antarctic Users and Stakeholders
sidarus.nersc.no
The overall objective of SIDARUS is to develop and implement a set of sea ice downstream services in the area of climate research, marine safety and environmental monitoring. SIDARUS will extend the present GMES marine services 1 with new satellite-derived sea ice products, ice forecasting from regional models and validation of sea ice products using non-satellite data. The demand for improved sea ice information in the Arctic and Antarctic by many user groups is growing as a result of climate change and its impact on environment and human activities. The presently observed reduction of the Arctic sea ice extent, in particular during the summer months and an increasing demand for natural resources are key mechanisms driving human activities in these areas . In Antarctic, ice discharge from several ice shelves is a significant climate indicator, leading to enhanced iceberg population in the Southern Ocean. SIDARUS will develop, validate and demonstrate five sea ice services using satellites as the major source of data. The services include (1) high-resolution sea ice and iceberg mapping by SAR, (2) sea ice albedo from optical sensors, (3) sea ice thickness from satellite radar altimeter and passive microwave data, (4) ARGOS tracking of marine mammals combined with sea ice maps, and (5) ice forecasting based on numerical models and satellite data. In addition to analysis of satellite earth observation data, the project will analyze in situ, airborne and under-ice data from previous and new field campaigns. These are essential data for validation of satellite retrievals. Sea ice information is needed by a wide range of users including marine transportation operators and regulators, operational meteorology and sea ice services, search and rescue organizations, defence and security agencies, resource developers (oil, gas, timber, minerals, fish), policy-makers in the polar regions, marine engineers, residents in ice-affected regions, and environmental institutions working with sea ice habitat protection. Data products with large or unknown accuracy are of limited values for most users. It is therefore of high priority that data
Current Ice Services and Their Expected Evolution
Sea Ice Analysis and Forecasting
product is available irregularly depending on ship traffic and data availability. The temporal coverage is variable and restricted on the austral summer season (October to March).
User requirements for the snow and land ice services – CryoLand
The Cryosphere Discussions, 2015
The user requirement analysis shows that a European operational snow and land ice service is required and that there exists developed cryosphere products that can meet the specific needs. The majority of the users were mainly interested in the snow services, but also the lake/river ice products and the glacier products were desired.
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CryoClim: A new system and service for climate monitoring of the cryosphere
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2014
The CryoClim project has developed a new operational and permanent service for long-term systematic climate monitoring of the cryosphere. The product production and the product repositories are hosted by mandated organisations, and the service is delivered through a state-of-the-art web service and web portal. The service provides sea ice and snow products of global coverage and glacier products covering Norway (mainland and Svalbard). The sea ice sub-service is based on data from passive microwave radiometers (SMMR and SSM/I). The same period is covered by snow cover extent products based on passive microwave radiometers (SMMR and SSM/I) and optical (AVHRR from 1982). Glacier maps, including glacier area outline and glacier lakes have been generated from Landsat TM, ETM+ and historic topographic maps for all glaciers in mainland Norway starting the time series from 1952. For Svalbard, glacier products are based on optical data (SPOT and MODIS) for glacier area outline and glacier snow line, and SAR data (ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat ASAR and Radarsat) for glacier surface type. The period covered with satellite data starts in the early 1990s. The glacier area outline time series has in Svalbard also been extended with map data and aerial images from earlier days. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
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The first major incision of the Swiss Deckenschotter landscape
Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2014
The Swiss Deckenschotter (''cover gravels'') is the oldest Quaternary units in the northern Swiss Alpine Foreland. They are a succession of glaciofluvial gravel layers intercalated with glacial and/or overbank deposits. This lithostratigraphic sequence is called Deckenschotter because it ''covers'' Molasse or Mesozoic bedrock and forms mesa-type hill-tops. Deckenschotter occurs both within and beyond the extent of the Last Glacial Maximum glaciers. The Swiss Deckenschotter consist of two subunits: Höhere (Higher) and Tiefere (Lower) Deckenschotter. Although the Höhere Deckenschotter sub-unit (HDS) is topographically higher than the Tiefere Deckenschotter, it is older. The only available age for the Swiss Deckenschotter is 2.5-1.8 Ma based on mammal remains found in HDS at the Irchel site. In this study, we present an exposure age for the topographically lowest HDS, calculated from a cosmogenic 10 Be depth-profile. Our results show that the first phase of the Deckenschotter glaciations in the Swiss Alps terminated at least 1,020 þ80 À120 ka ago, which is indicated by a significant fluvial incision. This line of evidence seems to be close to synchronous with the beginning of the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution, when the frequency of the glacial-interglacial cyclicity changed from 41 to 100 ka and the amplitude from low to high, between marine isotope stages 23 and 22.
The Last Glacial Maximum British–Irish Ice Sheet: a reconstruction using digital terrain mapping
Journal of Quaternary Science
The use of digital terrain mapping in determining the anatomy of the Late Devensian British–Irish Ice Sheet at a resolution of 500 m cell size is illustrated for Boulton et al.'s 1985 and 1991 models and Lambeck's 1995 model of the ice sheet at its maximum extent as an independent ice mass. Area and volume of the ice sheet are given for each model and the spatial pattern of ice thickness shown in maps. The analyses show that if no account is taken of topography beneath the ice surface, models will seriously overestimate ice volume. It is suggested that as reconstructions of the ice sheet improve, detailed models of ice thickness at the resolution given in this paper may be of value in determining the contribution of the ice sheet to sea surface changes as well as in determining the effects of ice loading on glacio-isostasy, neotectonics and possibly on paraglacial processes in areas of high relief. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Last Glaciation of Shetland, North Atlantic
Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, 2008
Evidence relating to the extent, dynamics, and relative chronology of the last glaciation of the Shetland Islands, North Atlantic, is presented here, in an attempt to better illuminate some of the controversies that still surround the glacial history of the archipelago. We appraise previous interpretations and compare these earlier results with new evidence gleaned from the interpretation of a high resolution digital terrain model and from field reconnaissance. By employing a landsystems approach, we identify and describe three quite different assemblages of landscape features across the main islands of Mainland, Yell and Unst. Using the spatial interrelationship of these landsystems, an assessment of their constituent elements, and comparisons with similar features in other glaciated environments, we propose a simple model for the last glaciation of Shetland.
Oceanic processes as potential trigger and amplifying mechanisms for Heinrich events
Paleoceanography, 2006
1] Marine sediments recorded a series of Heinrich events during the last glacial period, massive ice surges that deposited prominent layers of ice-rafted debris in the North Atlantic. Here we explore oceanic mechanisms that can potentially trigger and amplify the observed ice calving events. Simulations of abrupt glacial climate change with a coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model show a substantial regional sea level rise in the North Atlantic in response to a collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). The increased heat uptake of the global ocean after the MOC collapse leads to an additional rise in global sea level. We hypothesize that these sea level changes have the potential to destabilize Northern Hemisphere ice shelves and ice sheets and to trigger ice surges. Sea level rise due to ice calving and subsurface ocean warming provides two positive feedback mechanisms contributing to further destabilization of ice shelves and ice sheets.
International Journal of Earth Sciences
We reconstruct patterns of subglacial processes on a hard bedrock and a soft bed under the southern sector of Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) occurring in the basal till of the Late Saalian Glaciation at the Wapienno, Barcin and Młodocin sites (north-central Poland). Based on detailed sedimentological studies, two phases of SIS transgression were recognised. In the initial phase of the transgression, the SIS advanced onto a frozen substrate (continuous permafrost). The low permeability of the substratum led to a high subglacial water pressure (SWP) and increased basal sliding. The local increase of SWP led to the development of different types of structures and sediments. On a hard bedrock, with low SWP, abrasion predominated and linear structures were developing, while in the case of high SWP, the ice was decoupled from the hard substrate, pressurised liquefied sediment flowed, and structures of the p-form and s-form type developed. On a soft bed, the ice-bed contact was of a mosaic t...
Near Surface Geophysics
The integration of geophysical and geotechnical datasets acquired during a site survey for the Dogger Bank windfarm has enabled a new litho-and seismo-stratigraphy to be established. Although previously believed to be a relatively simple "layer-cake", the data reveals that the sedimentary sequence within the foundation zone includes a complex series of buried landscapes with implications for both foundation siting and design. The most significant is a glacially derived landscape dominated by a large thrust-block moraine complex buried beneath a thin Holocene sequence. This glacial landscape profoundly affects the structure and physical properties of soils within the foundation zone due to locally intense glacitectonic deformation, and the occurrence of sub-aerially desiccated horizons recording fluctuating palaeoclimatic conditions. Understanding these landscapes, coupled with the geophysical and geotechnical data, enables a predictive "geo-model" to be established which can be used to target areas of uncertainty, reducing the requirement for boreholes (over CPTs) at every potential foundation location.
Meltwater sediment transport as the dominating process in mid-latitude trough mouth fan formation
Nature Communications, 2020
Trough mouth fans comprise the largest sediment deposits along glaciated margins, and record Pleistocene climate changes on a multi-decadal time scale. Here we present a model for the formation of the North Sea Fan derived from detailed horizon and attribute interpretations of high-resolution processed 3D seismic reflection data. The interpretation shows that stacked channel-levee systems form up to 400 m thick sedimentary sequences. The channels are elongated and can be traced from the shelf edge towards the deep basin for distances of >150 km, and document long-distance sediment transport in completely disintegrated water-rich turbidite flows. Downslope sediment transport was a continuous process during shelf-edge glaciations, reaching accumulation rates of 100 m/kyr. Our data highlight that exceptionally large volumes of meltwater may discharge to the slopes of trough mouth fans and trigger erosive turbidite flows. We conclude that freshwater supply is likely an underestimated...
Boreas, 2017
Southwestern Barents Sea sediments contain important information on Lateglacial and Holocene environmental development of the area, i.e. sediment provenance characteristics related to ice-flow patterns and ice drifting from different regional sectors. In this study, we present investigations of clay, heavy minerals, and ice-rafted debris from three sediment cores obtained from the SW Barents Sea. The sediments studied are subglacial/glaciomarine to marine in origin. The core sequences were divided into three lithostratigraphical units. The lowest, Unit 3, consists of laminated glaciomarine sediments related to regional deglaciation. The overlying Unit 2 is a diamicton, dominated by mud and oversized clasts. Unit 2 reflects a more ice-proximal glaciomarine sedimentary environment or even a subglacial depositional environment; its deposition may indicate a glacial re-advance or stillstand during an overall retreat. The uppermost Unit 1 consists of Holocene marine sediments and current-reworked sedimentary material with a relatively high carbonate content. A significant proportion of the sedimentary material could be derived from Svalbard and transported by sea ice or icebergs to the Barents Sea during the late deglacial phase. The Fennoscandian sources and local Mesozoic strata from the bottom of the Barents Sea are the likely provenances of sediments deposited during the deglacial and ice re-advance phases. Bottom currents and sea-ice transport were the main mechanisms influencing sedimentation during the Holocene. Our results indicate that the provenance areas can be reliably related to certain ice-flow sectors and transport mechanisms in the deglaciated Barents Sea.
Journal of the Geological Society, 2017
Interpretation of 3D seismic data from the central North Sea yields evidence of a pre-MIS (Marine Isotope Stage) 12 grounded glaciation. The glaciotectonic complex shows buried push moraines resulting from the thrusting of multiple ice advance phases with horizontal shortening of 35 -50%. The earliest feature observed within the complex, a hill-hole pair, represents the initial glaciation of the area. This is overlain and deformed by multiple thrust units with numerous inferred iceflow directions. The thrust deformation observed shares characteristics with kinematic processes, push moraines and static gravity processes, seen as gravity spreading and contraction. The glaciotectonic complex in its entirety is interpreted to correlate to a pre-Elsterian glaciation, becaue of its stratigraphic position below central North Sea tunnel valleys, estimated to be Elsterian in age (MIS 12; 450 ka). The study proposes that the thrust complex correlates to the Donian glaciation in Russia (MIS 16; 600 ka) with ice sourced from Norway. The complex therefore represents a glaciation where a significant area of the central North Sea was covered by an ice sheet, 200 kyr prior to the Elsterian. This study highlights the fragmentary record of pre-Elsterian glaciations and the importance of incorporating offshore sedimentary archives and regional frameworks when reconstructing Pleistocene climate change.