INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN NEPAL (original) (raw)

Abstract

Knowledge summary The findings of this study reinforce widely held views that ILKP help local communities deal with climate-induced hazards and risks through various autonomous adaptation strategies. Such practices are sustained and improved over time by succeeding generations and help improve livelihoods, reduce disaster risks to ecosystems, lives and community assets, improve resilience and create adaptation solutions to deal with climate change impacts. They can also help people and their institutions to prepare long-term adaptation strategies, plans and programs. Many of the indigenous knowledge practices can be integrated with scientific knowledge, tools and technologies to support adaptation actions through switching strategies, modifying or transforming existing behaviors while dealing with climatic or non-climatic shocks. Traditional and indigenous practices in the present form will not be able to deal with the shocks that climate change entails without continous support. With multiple stressors at play, which impact of climate does one adapt to? It is a difficult but important question because to establish causal relationship among human-induced climate change, local weather events and its impact is hard. Individuals, households and communities have dealt with natural climatic variability for centuries establishing indigenous and local knowledge practices, which have served the community well and in governance of local natural resource use. Government and donor agencies have used formal scientific knowledge to address development needs and also respond to disaster risk reduction. In responding to climate change challenges both knowledge systems face limitations : a) knowledge about future climate is uncertain, b) context and location specific ILK will become inadequate to deal with low probability high exposure climatic shocks. The challenges present new interface in the knowledge-policy domain with respect to building adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. The directions for action on adaptation and resilience building must be able to contend with uncertainties of climate change and limitations of ILK highlighted above. For effective climate change adaptation, this study argues that ILK and scientific knowledge must engage each other to generate shared and new knowledge. Developing such knowledge requires greater participation of local agents where adaptation is most needed and where integrating both types of knowledge systems must happen. While science based climate and environmental information are critical for responding to the impacts of climate change, traditional forms of knowledge and the wisdom they offer are useful institutional context for synthesis. Such integration need to (a) promote effective communications of weather and specific hazard information; b) improve mobility during, and in the aftermath of extreme climate events; (c) link women and other traditional groups with local financial institutions to access funds for risk spreading before, during and following extreme climatic events; (d) diversify livelihoods through access to a range of options; (e) provide education on basic language and skills necessary to understand climate change, risk perceptions and livelihood strategies; (f) ensure rights to organize, express voice through diverse public, private and civil society organisations; and (g) synthesize scientific as well as indigenous practices to proactively identify hazards, analyze and minimize risks and attain wellbeing.

Figures (50)

ADB TA-7984 NEP: INDIGENOUS RESEARCH (44168-012)

Figure 1: Locating ILKP in CCA and DRR ILK is the basic information available to the local people for community preparedness through peer learning- and informed decision-making. ILKP is dynamic as it is continually influenced by internal innovation and experimentation as well as through interaction with external knowledge and practices. The role and importance of ILK in climate change adaptation has been recognized globally (UNFCCC, 2003 & 2004; IPCC, 2001, 2007; Mukhopadhyay, 2009; GIZ, 2013; Gautam et al., 2013). The main reason for increasing emphasis on ILK in climate change adaptation is that adaptation is a pressing global and local environmental and socio-economic problem and there is an urgent need to tailor responses to location-specific vulnerability.

Figure 2: Annual precipitation map of Nepal

Source: Kulkarni et al., (2013) Table 2a: Temperature projection for Nepal

Source: Kulkarni et al., (2013) Table 2b: Precipitation projection for Nepal

Figure 3a: Indigenous practices and climate change adaptation

nsights derived from both ILK and scientific inderstanding and their synthesized form is central 9 building resilience (or reducing vulnerability). This tudy assumes that climate change vulnerability is ighest when marginalized individuals, households, Oommunities and groups depending on fragile ystems (both natural and human made) are exposed 9 climate change. The key to building resilience is ising the knowledge, skills and tools available to ninimize exposure, avoiding marginalization and nproving systems resilience. Institutions play a ritical role in mediating transformation towards a nore resilient future (See Figure 3b). practices (Srinivasan, 2004; Prakash, 2013). The elements include exposure, system, agents and institutional framework shown in figure 3b. Figure 3b: Framework for building climate resilience using synthesized form of ILK and modern science knowledge

Figure 4: Research framework and process

Figure 5a: Case districts, sectors and case examples selected

Table 3: Selected case districts and their climate change vulnerability ranking

Figure 6: Percentage of the participants by gender during the study activities Table 4: Caste/ethnic categories of the respondents

Figure 7: Caste/ethnicity of the respondents Figure 8 (a) and (b): Respondents’ linguistic characteristics and types of house ownership

Table 5: Climate change experience Table 6: Perception regarding impact on men and woman by gender

Table 7: Sector wise experience of climate change

Table 8a: Observed multiple climate change indicators snowfall, fog, hailstone, lightening strike, thunderstorm and mist) Table 8b: Indigenous knowledge helped adapt to climate change events

4.2.3 Recorded climate trends

Figure 10: Annual average temperature in CDR annual temperature (although the trend was noted to be weak with R2 values 34, 25 and 24, respectively) over 32 years of recording (Figure 9). Average annual temperatures increased in all development regions except in the western development region (WDR). Figure 10 illustrates the increasing trend in the districts of Dhading, Dolakha, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Mahottari and Sindhuli in the central development region (CDR).

Tara Prasad Bhond: Locally made divider, 16-36 Mauja irrigation system

Schematic of farmer and agency managed irrigation systems Farmers’ managed irrigation system

Marchawar irrigation system canal

Agency managed irrigation system

Traditional stone spouts in Lalitpur Water distribution in Argali community adaptation. Leakage from canals and the disposal of solid and liquid waste in canals and in rivers are serious challenges to the operation of FMISs, as isthe uncontrolled extraction of sand and stones from the riverbed. The elevation of the Tinau River bed, which is diverted into Sorah-Chattis FMIS, has significantly lowered due to sand and boulder mining from the riverbed, necessitating upstream shift in the location of the diversion structure.

Forest and pastures in Nepal

Table 9: Salient features of the selected case examples

Indigenously built rural transport systems in Nepal

Indigenous settlements and buildings in Nepal

River, flood plains and settlements in Jumla

Table10: Indigenous local adaptation practices in selected districts

Annex A-2: Food sufficiency situation of the HH respondents (per cent)

Annex A-3: Gender distribution of the HH interview Annex A-4: Sectors wise experience of multiple climate change indicators

HH more likely to suffer from CC impacts than other nnex A-5: Gender wise response regarding the HH perception on likelihood to suffer from CC impacts

Source of drinking water (per cent) Annex A-6: Source of drinking water of the households interviewed

Annex A-7: Land ownership situation of the HH respondents

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