Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder (original) (raw)
Related papers
Empirical Evidence for Cognitive Subgroups in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
2020
Objective: Current understanding of cognitive functioning in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is limited, owing to few studies, small sample sizes, and assessment across only limited cognitive domains. Existing research has also shown inconsistent findings, with both intact and impaired cognition reported in BDD, which might point toward cognitive heterogeneity in the disorder. This study aimed to examine the cognitive profile of BDD in a large sample across eight cognitive domains, and to explore whether cognitive subgroups might be identified within BDD. Methods: Cognitive domains of inhibition/flexibility, working memory, speed of processing, reasoning and problem-solving, visual and verbal learning, attention/vigilance and social cognition were assessed and compared between 65 BDD patients and 70 healthy controls. Then, hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted on the BDD group's cognitive data. Results: Group-average comparisons demonstrated significantly poorer cognitiv...
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review of Current Nosological Issues and Associated Cognitive Deficits
Current Psychiatry Reviews, 2009
Recent study into body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has raised questions about the validity of its current diagnostic classification as well as categorical division into 'psychotic' and 'non-psychotic' variants. Furthermore, though individuals with the disorder are believed to experience cognitive difficulties, the precise nature of these deficits remains unclear. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of existing knowledge of BDD in terms of its nosology and cognitive deficits. We evaluate arguments in relation to its inclusion within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs), consider how delusionality is coded in BDD, and also examine recent studies suggesting which specific cognitive deficits may underpin the disorder. There appears to be a sound rationale for considering BDD as part of the OCSDs, though current findings indicate that it is not simply a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Evidence also suggests that the degree of delusional beliefs in BDD would be more appropriately theorised on a dimensional basis. In terms of cognitive deficits, research to date has implied that attentional biases and/or abnormalities in basic visual processing may be especially important. Further research is needed to elucidate an inclusive profile of the underlying cognitive deficits in BDD. In turn, these insights could help to clarify current nosological debates surrounding the disorder.
CNS spectrums, 2017
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a debilitating disorder, characterized by obsessions and compulsions relating specifically to perceived appearance, and which has been newly classified within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders grouping. Until now, little research has been conducted into the cognitive profile of this disorder. Participants with BDD (n=12) and participants without BDD (n=16) were tested using a computerized neurocognitive battery investigating attentional set-shifting (Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task), decision-making (Cambridge Gamble Task), motor response-inhibition (Stop-Signal Reaction Time Task), and affective processing (Affective Go-No Go Task). The groups were matched for age, IQ, and education. In comparison to controls, patients with BDD showed significantly impaired attentional set-shifting, abnormal decision-making, impaired response inhibition, an...
International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2011
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) has only recently received attention in current research. As such, little is understood with regards to the underlying cognitive impairments and neurobiological substrates implicated in this disorder. The current report provides first, a review of the background of BDD; second, a description of the clinical features of three BDD cases; and last, the outcomes from a cognitive assessment administered to three BDD cases. The cognitive assessment included (a) executive function, (b) facial affect perception, and (c) general social cognition. All three BDD cases illustrated many of the disorder's clinical features such as excessive disproportionate concerns about their appearance, repetitive (checking) behaviours, and camouflaging. Further, they experience significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning. They also demonstrated poor self-esteem, greater self-ambivalence, and more pronounced delusional thinking than a comparison group of ten healthy controls. The cognitive assessment demonstrated deficits in executive functioning and facial affect perception, but not in general social cognition. The findings implicate frontalamygdala and temporal-parietal pathology in BDD although neuroimaging studies are needed to confirm this speculation. The implications of our findings for the treatment of BDD are discussed.
Set shifting and visuospatial organization deficits in body dysmorphic disorder
Psychiatry Research, 2018
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) over-attend to perceived defect(s) in their physical appearance, often becoming "stuck" obsessing about perceived flaws and engaging in rituals to hide flaws. These symptoms suggest that individuals with BDD may experience deficits in underlying neurocognitive functions, such as set-shifting and visuospatial organization. These deficits have been implicated as risk and maintenance factors in disorders with similarities to BDD but have been minimally investigated in BDD. The present study examined differences in neurocognitive functions among BDD participants (n = 20) compared to healthy controls (HCs; n = 20). Participants completed neuropsychological assessments measuring set-shifting (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift [IED] task) and visuospatial organization and memory (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test [ROCF]). Results revealed a setshifting deficit among BDD participants compared to HCs on the IED. On the ROCF, BDD participants exhibited deficits in visuospatial organization compared to HCs, but they did not differ in visuospatial memory compared to HCs. Results did not change when accounting for depression severity. Findings highlight neurocognitive deficits as potential endophenotype markers of clinical features (i.e., delusionality). Understanding neuropsychological deficits may clarify similarities and differences between BDD and related disorders and may guide targets for BDD treatment.
Dysfunctional Metacognitive Beliefs in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
2015
The present study aims to examine the correlation of body dysmorphic disorder, with metacognitive subscales, metaworry and thought-fusion. The study was conducted in a correlation framework. Sample included 155 high school students in Isfahan, Iran in 2013-2014, gathered through convenience sampling. To gather data about BDD, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD was applied. Then, Meta Cognitive Questionnaire, Metaworry Questionnaire, and Thought-Fusion Inventory were used to assess metacognitive subscales, metaworry and thought-fusion. Data obtained from this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regressions in SPSS 18. Result indicated YBOCS-BDD scores had a significant correlation with scores from MCQ (P<0.05), MWG (P<0.05), and TFI (P<0.05). Also, multiple regressions were run to predict YBOCS from TFI, MWQ, and MCQ-30. These variables significantly predicted YBOCS [F (3,151) =32.393, R2=0.57]. Findings indicated that body dysmorph...
Advances in a cognitive behavioural model of body dysmorphic disorder, 2004
Body Image, 2004
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is the most distressing and handicapping of all the body image disorders. A cognitive behavioural model of BDD is discussed which incorporates evidence from recent studies and advances in the author's 1996 conceptual model. The model aims to understand the maintenance of symptoms in BDD, to assist in the process of engagement of therapy and to guide the strategies to use. At the core of BDD is an excessive self-focussed attention on a distorted body image, the negative appraisal of such images leading to rumination, changes in mood and the use of safety behaviours. Evidence for possible risk factors in the development of BDD is also discussed.