Clitic particles and the typology of 2P languages (original) (raw)
Related papers
A unified analysis of clitic clusters in world’s languages
Computational linguistics and intellectual technologies. Issue 11(18), 2012, P. 726-738., 2012
The paper proposes a unified analysis of complex syntactic objects defined as clitic clusters. A cluster is by definition a string of elements {a,b,c…n} which can function independently without combining with each other but are arranged in a rigid order when they assume a contact position, so that for each pair (a, b) the linear order a > b, i.e. ‘a precedes b’ is fixed. Elements conforming to this definition are called clusterizing. Rules ordering language elements in clusters are called Template Rules. In the first section I analyze Template Rules as empiric generalizations made on text corpora representing the normative usage of world’s languages from the class of languages with clusterizing clause-level elements. In the final section I analyze Template Rules as linearization algorithms. The general conclusion is that clusters ordered by Template Rules are normally non-homogenous regarding their morphosyntactic and prosodic values. I furthermore argue that a unified theory of clusters can be build with little or no resource to the prosody of the clitic elements.
Semantic Classification of Kapampangan Clitic Particles (Edited)
This research serves as a preliminary investigation of Kapampangan particles that can be categorized as 1) non-pronominal 2) adverbial/modal second-position clitics. It will focus on classifying these particles semantically and describing their structure through restriction rules which will be based on their usage in discourse through examination of written text gathered and collected from newspaper articles. Clitic particles were also observed to form “clusters” which are two or more particles adjacent to each other and combining meaning. The research identifies two main types of clitic particle clusters in Kapampangan: 1) free and, 2) bound clusters. Free clusters have constituents that are able to function as separate morphemes while bound clusters have constituents considered as a singular morpheme which usually have novel, distinct meanings derived from the original meanings of their constituent particles. This research asserts that these particles and clusters somewhat reflect the attitude, perspective, reaction, etc. of speakers towards different scenarios, situations, and information. They can be used to describe time and location, express emotions and feelings, give judgement, speculation, doubts, etc. One form may also have different semantic functions. Ultimately, they encode disparate meanings depending on the environments they occur in and the words they are collocated with.
A unified analysis of clitic clusters in the world’s languages
A.Zimmerling. A unified analysis of clitic clusters in world's languages // Computational linguistics and intellectual technologies. Issue 11 (18). Vol.1. P.726-738., 2012
Apologies for the duplication. This 2012 paper of mine was automatically recognized by academia.edu. A slightly edited version of this text is available as a chapter of my 2021 book А.В.Циммерлинг. От интегрального к аспективному. М.-Спб.: Нестор-История, 2021. ISBN 978-5-4469-1792-1. https://www.academia.edu/61854112/ . The paper proposes a unified analysis of complex syntactic objects defined as clitic clusters. A cluster is by definition a string of elements {a,b,c...n} which can function independently without combining with each other but are arranged in a rigid order when they assume a contact position, so that for each pair (a, b) the linear order a > b, i. e. ‘a precedes b’ is fixed. Elements conforming to this definition are called clusterizing. Rules ordering language elements in clusters are called Template Rules.
Finnish Particle Clitics and General Clitic Theory
1985
A doctoral dissertation on general clitic theory and Finnish particle clitics in particular looks at the mixed linguistic status of clitics and proposes that they are not as mysterious as reported, but should be viewed either as bound words (bound lexemes) or phrasal affixes. An initial chapter introduces the Finnish particle clitics and their characteristics and status. A second chapter presents a syntactic account of (sentential) connective and epistemic adverbs and the closely related class of conjunctions, within the framework of generalized phrase structure grammar, to illustrate how Finnish particle clitics are related to independent words that function as sentential adverbs. A third chapter identifies syntactic, semantic, and prosodic properties common to the sentential adverbs and particle clitics, and another chapter reviews the literature on cliticization. Finally, a discussion of the morphosyntactic status of the particle clitics is presented, offering some external evidence for the bound word status of second position clitics. Appended materials include notes on bound words in the Finnish lexicon and a brief comparison of Finnish and Lappish morphology. (MSE)
In Anastasia RIEHL & Thess SAVELLA (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics 19). Ithaca: Department of Linguistics, Cornell University. 20–34.
This working paper is a first attempt at explaining the seemingly exotic ordering of clausal clitics in Tagalog. Although the main proposals below are phonological, the paper builds on our previous work, primarily Billings & Konopasky (to appear-b [i.e., "Morphology's role in ordering verb-adjacent clitics"]) comparing the syntactic properties of Tagalog and Bulgarian. Our overall claim is that the hierarchical structure of the syntax usually entails a specific order of clitics in the morphology; this is true in Bulgarian. However, too many adjunctions to the same head result in an unorderable morphological output; Tagalog is such a language. In such cases, phonology dictates the clitic ordering. In addition, we offer a phrasal-affix analysis of discourse particles in Tagalog.
Journal of Slavic Linguistics 12(1–2). 285–321.
This is an elaborate and in many ways insightful monograph on the syntax of clisis, primarily in South Slavic. However, despite the reference to the syntax-phonology interface in the title, this work's strengths lie almost exclusively on the syntactic side. The subtitle of an earlier, manuscript version of this book is sometimes listed in the literature (e.g., in Boeckx and Stjepanoviç 2000: 37) as A view from the syntax. That would have been more fitting. Unfortunately, the book's reliability in terms of syntactic theory is not matched in the areas of morphology or phonology.* This review begins by providing an overview of the book. Next, I assess some of its strengths and shortcomings in terms of linguistic theory. I then separately consider more practical issues: organization as well as empirical and bibliographic accuracy. * I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following colleagues: Theresa Alt, Wayles Browne, Uwe Junghanns, Paul Law, Denisa Lenertová, and Anjum Saleemi. In addition, Îeljko Bo‰koviç, who was shown a draft of this review, generously sent comments directly to me in lieu of submitting a formal reply. Despite all these individuals' assistance, only I am responsible for any failings that remain herein.
THE ROLE OF CLITICS IN SERBIAN PRESENTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
2017
Presentative constructions in Serbian allow two patterns [presentative particle NP GEN ] and [pre-sentative particle CL i NP iNOM ]. This paper proposes derivations of these patterns. The premise is that the choice between the two patterns is determined by the the type of inert v 0. Namely, the first pattern is derived if inert v 0 can assign partitive case, i.e. v 0 [ PART ] , while the latter pattern is derived if v 0 cannot assign partitive case. A special focus is put on the [CL i +NP i ] pattern since it represents a case of the co-occurrence of a pronominal clitic and a co-indexed NP, which is not characteristic of Serbian. It is argued that the relationship between the NP and the co-indexed clitic is that of agreement. The X 0 and the NP establish a relationship in which X 0 assigns nominative case to the NP and the NP values X 0 's [uφ:]. This agreement is taken to be the same kind of agreement that holds between an NP NOM and the X 0 which is in charge of agreement with participles in Serbian. The only twist in presentative constructions is the absence of a verb in the numeration. This means that the φ-features checked in X 0 cannot be pronounced as an integral part of a participle. Allowing certain morpho-phonological rules to pronounce boundless of features as various morphemes, it is proposed that the clitic is a spell-out of this bundle of features, resulting in the [CL i +NP i ] pattern.
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 2021
In this paper, we provide an in-depth study of the morphosyntactic behavior of negative verb clusters in the Finno-Ugric languages Udmurt and Mari. We argue that the standard treatment of negation as an auxiliary is inadequate for these languages as it does not explain its morphosyntactic and morphophonological behavior , which presents a challenging morphology-syntax-semantics mismatch: Despite taking high scope and governing the highest verb of the clause, negation surfaces immediately before the highest verb rather than at the end of the verb cluster as would be expected in head-final languages. Furthermore, we show that negation forms a complex unit with the highest verb of the clause and thus crucially differs from negative auxiliaries in other Finno-Ugric languages like Finnish and from other auxiliaries. We argue that the properties of negation are best modelled by means of postsyntac-tic Lowering (Embick and Noyer 2001). Next to the semantic vacuousness of the displacement, the main arguments for a postsyntactic perspective come from the internal constituency of the verb cluster, the possibility to interleave clitics inside the verb cluster only in the presence of negation, and cases where Lowering fails and a syntacto-semantically inert copula is inserted as a repair. We show that competing approaches to complex head formation based on narrow-syntactic head-movement, flexible spell-out in different positions or base-generation fail to capture the crucial properties of negative verb clusters. On a more general level, we thus provide evi-B P. Weisser philipp.weisser@uni-leipzig.de E. Georgieva ekaterina.georgieva@nytud.hu M. Salzmann E. Georgieva et al. dence for the necessity of post-syntactic mechanisms for word formation and a serial architecture of the morphology-syntax interface.