Calibration of diffuse correlation spectroscopy with a time-resolved near-infrared technique to yield absolute cerebral blood flow measurements (original) (raw)
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2011
Continuous bedside monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients recovering from brain injury could improve the detection of impaired substrate delivery, which can exacerbate injury and worsen outcome. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) provides the ability to monitor perfusion changes continuously, but it is difficult to quantify absolute blood flow - leading to uncertainties as to whether or not CBF has fallen to ischemic levels. To continuously measure CBF, we propose to calibrate DCS data using a single time-point, time-resolved near-infrared (TR-NIR) technique for measuring absolute CBF. Experiments were conducted on newborn piglets in which CBF was increased by raising the arterial tension of CO2 (40-62 mmHg) and decreased by carotid occlusion. For validation, values of CBF measured by TR-NIR were converted into blood flow changes and compared to CBF changes measured by DCS. A strong correlation between perfusion changes from the two techniques was revealed (slope = 0.98 and R2 = 0.96), suggesting that a single time-point CBF measurement by TR-NIR can be used to convert continuous DCS data into units of CBF (ml/100g/min).
Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow with near-infrared spectroscopy
Biomedical Optics Express, 2019
We propose a new near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method for quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Because this method uses concepts of coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS), we identify this new method with the acronym NIRS-CHS. We tested this method on the prefrontal cortex of six healthy human subjects during mean arterial pressure (MAP) transients induced by the rapid deflation of pneumatic thigh cuffs. A comparison of CBF dynamics measured with NIRS-CHS and with diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) showed a good agreement for characteristic times of the CBF transient. We also report absolute measurements of baseline CBF with NIRS-CHS (69 ± 6 ml/100g/min over the six subjects). NIRS-CHS can provide more accurate measurements of CBF with respect to previously reported NIRS surrogates of CBF.
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy for measurement of cerebral blood flow: future prospects
Neurophotonics, 2014
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an emerging optical modality used to measure cortical cerebral blood flow. This outlook presents a brief overview of the technology, summarizing the advantages and limitations of the method, and describing its recent applications to animal, adult, and infant cohorts. At last, the paper highlights future applications where DCS may play a pivotal role individualizing patient management and enhancing our understanding of neurovascular coupling, activation, and brain development. © The Authors.
2010
The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements obtained by dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using indocyanine green as a perfusion contrast agent. For validation, CBF was measured independently using the MRI perfusion method arterial spin labeling (ASL). Data were acquired at two sites and under two flow conditions (normocapnia and hypercapnia). Depth sensitivity was enhanced using time-resolved detection, which was demonstrated in a separate set of experiments using a tourniquet to temporally impede scalp blood flow. A strong correlation between CBF measurements from ASL and DCE-NIRS was observed (slope ¼ 0.99 AE 0.08, y-intercept ¼ À1.7 AE 7.4 mL/100 g/min, and R 2 ¼ 0.88). Mean difference between the two techniques was 1.9 mL/100 g/min (95% confidence interval ranged from À15 to 19 mL/100g/min and the mean ASL CBF was 75.4 mL/100 g/min). Error analysis showed that structural information and baseline absorption coefficient were needed for optimal CBF reconstruction with DCE-NIRS. This study demonstrated that DCE-NIRS is sensitive to blood flow in the adult brain and can provide accurate CBF measurements with the appropriate modeling techniques.
Quantification of adult cerebral hemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1994
Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure global cerebral blood flow and volume in 10 healthy adult volunteers. High- and low-cerebral blood flow compartments were detected with mean flows for all 10 subjects of 59 +/- 21 (SD) and 11 +/- 4 ml.100 g-1.min-1, respectively. The mean cerebral blood volume of the group was 2.85 +/- 0.97 ml/100 g. Analysis of spontaneous changes in the cerebral concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin demonstrated strong correlations between respiratory rate and the oscillation frequency of cerebral oxyhemoglobin concentration (r = 0.99) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) (r = 0.99). An estimate of the mean cerebral oxygen saturation for all subjects averaged 59.4 +/- 12.4% when their mean SaO2 was 91.8 +/- 2.4% (equivalent to 67.6 +/- 13.8% at a normoxic SaO2 of 98%). These results demonstrate that near-infrared spectroscopy can be used as a noninvasive bedside technique for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cerebral hemo...
Neurocritical care, 2010
This study assesses the utility of a hybrid optical instrument for noninvasive transcranial monitoring in the neurointensive care unit. The instrument is based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for measurement of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration. DCS/NIRS measurements of CBF and oxygenation from frontal lobes are compared with concurrent xenon-enhanced computed tomography (XeCT) in patients during induced blood pressure changes and carbon dioxide arterial partial pressure variation. Seven neurocritical care patients were included in the study. Relative CBF measured by DCS (rCBF(DCS)), and changes in oxy-hemoglobin (DeltaHbO(2)), deoxy-hemoglobin (DeltaHb), and total hemoglobin concentration (DeltaTHC), measured by NIRS, were continuously monitored throughout XeCT during a baseline scan and a scan after intervention. CBF from XeCT regions-of-interest (ROIs) under the optical probes were...
Biomedical Optics and 3-D Imaging, 2012
We present a broad-band, continuous-wave spectral approach to quantify the baseline optical properties of tissue and changes in the concentration of a chromophore, which can assist to quantify the regional blood flow from dynamic contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy data. Experiments were conducted on phantoms and piglets. The baseline optical properties of tissue were determined by a multi-parameter wavelength-dependent data fit of a photon diffusion equation solution for a homogeneous medium. These baseline optical properties were used to find the changes in Indocyanine green concentration time course in the tissue. The changes were obtained by fitting the dynamic data at the peak wavelength of the chromophore absorption, which were used later to estimate the cerebral blood flow using a bolus tracking method.
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2013
Preterm infants are highly susceptible to ischemic brain injury; consequently, continuous bedside monitoring to detect ischemia before irreversible damage occurs would improve patient outcome. In addition to monitoring cerebral blood flow (CBF), assessing the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO 2 ) would be beneficial considering that metabolic thresholds can be used to evaluate tissue viability. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that changes in absolute CMRO 2 could be measured by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) with time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS). Absolute CBF was determined using bolus-tracking TR-NIRS to calibrate the DCS measurements. Cerebral venous blood oxygenation (SvO 2 ) was determined by multiwavelength TR-NIRS measurements, the accuracy of which was assessed by directly measuring the oxygenation of sagittal sinus blood. In eight newborn piglets, CMRO 2 was manipulated by varying the anesthetics and by injecting sodium cyanide. No significant differences were found between the two sets of SvO 2 measurements obtained by TR-NIRS or sagittal sinus blood samples and the corresponding CMRO 2 measurements. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean CMRO 2 difference of 0.0268 AE 0.8340 mL O 2 ∕100 g∕ min between the two techniques over a range from 0.3 to 4 mL O 2 ∕100 g∕ min.
The Accuracy of Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging during Focal Changes in Cerebral Hemodynamics
NeuroImage, 2001
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can detect changes in the concentrations of oxy-hemoglobin ([HbO]) and deoxy-hemoglobin ([Hb]) in tissue based upon differential absorption at multiple wavelengths. The common analysis of NIRS data uses the modified Beer-Lambert law, which is an empirical formulation that assumes global concentration changes. We used simulations to examine the errors that result when this analysis is applied to focal hemodynamic changes, and we performed simultaneous NIRS measurements during a motor task in adult humans and a neonate to evaluate the dependence of the measured changes on detector-probe geometry. For both simulations and in vivo measurements, the wide range of NIRS results was compared to an imaging analysis, diffuse optical tomography (DOT). The results demonstrate that relative changes in [HbO] and [Hb] cannot, in general, be quantified with NIRS. In contrast to that method, DOT analysis was shown to accurately quantify simulated changes in chromophore concentrations. These results and the general principles suggest that DOT can accurately measure changes in [Hb] and [HbO], but NIRS cannot accurately determine even relative focal changes in these chromophore concentrations. For the standard NIRS analysis to become more accurate for focal changes, it must account for the position of the focal change relative to the source and detector as well as the wavelength dependent optical properties of the medium.
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2012
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a novel optical technique that appears to be an excellent tool for assessing cerebral blood flow in a continuous and non-invasive manner at the bedside. We present new clinical validation of the DCS methodology by demonstrating strong agreement between DCS indices of relative cerebral blood flow and indices based on phase-encoded velocity mapping magnetic resonance imaging (VENC MRI) of relative blood flow in the jugular veins and superior vena cava. Data were acquired from 46 children with single ventricle cardiac lesions during a hypercapnia intervention. Significant increases in cerebral blood flow, measured both by DCS and by VENC MRI, as well as significant increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration, and total hemoglobin concentration, were observed during hypercapnia. Comparison of blood flow changes measured by VENC MRI in the jugular veins and by DCS revealed a strong linear relationship, R ¼ 0.88, p < 0.001, slope ¼ 0.91 AE 0.07. Similar correlations were observed between DCS and VENC MRI in the superior vena cava, R ¼ 0.77, slope ¼ 0.99 AE 0.12, p < 0.001. The relationship between VENC MRI in the aorta and DCS, a negative control, was weakly correlated, R ¼ 0.46, slope ¼ 1.77 AE 0.45, p < 0.001.