"L'histoire moderne du fragment hippocratique Des remèdes", Revue des Etudes anciennes 102, 3-4 (2000), p. 361-377. (original) (raw)
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Mon propos général sera de montrer que l'opposition véhiculée par l'histoire médicale entre les deux systèmes explicatifs du phénomène épidémique que seraient la théorie aériste et la théorie de la contagion, n'est pas pertinente au XVI e siècle, et qu'au contraire la théorie de la contagion se construit au sein de la théorie aériste, à partir d'une lecture de la médecine grecque sans doute plus pertinente que celle que nous en faisons à la suite des positivistes. C'est l'observation que j'ai pu faire en lisant le traité De peste de Janus Cornarius paru en 1551, écrit par l'auteur de ce que j'appelle la vulgate hippocratique, c'est-à-dire la plus influente traduction néo-latine des Opera omnia d'Hippocrate, publiée à Bâle chez Jérôme Froben en 1546 2 . Outre ce traité sur la peste, et quelques préfaces et discours, Janus Cornarius n'a lui-même écrit qu'un seul autre ouvrage sur l'organisation du savoir médical, intitulé Medicina siue Medicus, paru en 1556, et un résumé de la médecine remontant à 1529. La bibliographie de ses éditions et traductions de médecine antique compte une quarantaine de titres. Le traité De peste, à première vue peu original, se signale néanmoins à notre attention du fait que l'auteur revendique une approche spécifiquement hippocratique du sujet, qui fait par ailleurs, comme on sait, l'objet d'une littérature secondaire pléthorique à cette époque, consistant semble-t-il en recommandations diverses indéfiniment répétées 3 . Avant d'en venir à la présentation de ce qui fait l'originalité de cet
In his work entitled De naturae divinis characterismis (Antwerp, 1575), Cornelius Gemma (1535-1578), royal professor of medicine at the university of Louvain, makes recourse to the authority of Hippocrates in many occasions. It is not the details of Hippocrates’ medical teaching that attracted him primarily. But it is because Gemma believed to be able to find for the Greek physician a central position in the tradition of the ancient wisdom. Thus he developed the philosophical interpretation of Hippocrates, basing himself on the belief in the « ancient theology » (prisca theologia). Indeed, this belief, stemming from the work of the Florentine metaphysician Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) and developed in the stream of Renaissance Neoplatonism, was in vogue in his time. The present study aims to give the first analysis of the nature and historical and intellectual context of his Hippocratism founded on this belief. The approach of Gemma is namely influenced by the works of two leading medicals humanists, Jean Fernel (1497-1558) and Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576). If the quest of the “divine” to which the Prognostic of Hippocrates appeals is important in medicine for Gemma just as for Fernel, the medical prognostication shares a common base with divination and is intimately related to astrology and prophecy in Gemma just as in Cardano. But it should be said that, in his philosophical, or more precisely, Neoplatonic interpretation of Hippocrates, the treatise On Regimen occupies the central place.