Colonization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Outpatients in Taiwan with Candida Species (original) (raw)
Related papers
2012
BACKGROUND: Difference in expression of virulence factors and in antifungal susceptibility among different Candida species has raised the need for species-level identification. Opportunistic infection is usually caused by Candida albicans, however, over the last decade reports of non-albicans Candida causing this infection is increasing. AIM: The present study was undertaken to assess the role of various Candida species as opportunistic pathogens in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositive patients and testing their antifungal susceptibility pattern. METHODS AND MATERIAL : 100 clinical samples were obtained from HIV seropositive patients and 50 from HIV seronegative patients and were speciated by the conventional methods and also by HiCrome Candida Differential Agar (CHROM agar). Susceptibility testing of the isolates for Fluconazole and Itraconazole was performed by Macro broth dilution technique. RESULTS: Candida albicans was the commonest species isolated followed by C.dub...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus from the genus Lentivirus which is attacking and directly or indirectly destroying CD4+ T cells. Mammals may become infected with such viruses, which are responsible for the long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period (Alimonti, Ball and Fowke, 2003). Opportunistic fungal infections were reported to be the most common complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and the development of opportunistic infections in HIV patients lies upon the exposure of the patients to the pathogens, virulence of the pathogens, the immunity of the patients, and the use of antimicrobial agents for prevention against infectious agents (Kong et al., 2007). Most of these infections are responsible for an increased hazard of death in the HIV seropositive patients. The patients who are suffering most, from such kinds of infections may have interruptions in antiretroviral therapy leading to more rapid progression of HIV disease. Seriously immunocompromised patients may suffer from various kinds of opportunistic infections that greatly influence their well-being, health care expenses and quality of life (Kong et al., 2007). Numerous fungal species are capable of causing disease in humans, animals and plants. Infections caused by them are highly prevalent in humans, as it was estimated that greater than 1 billion people worldwide have infections caused by these organisms. Several fungal species were reported to cause diseases in humans (Havlickova, Czaika and Friedrich, 2008). Due to the immunocompromization, the HIV patients are vulnerable to the various kinds of opportunistic infections caused by different species of pathogenic organisms including protozoa, fungi, viruses, and bacteria (Zanoni and Gandhi, 2014). Fungal opportunistic infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV patients (Durden and Elewski, 1997). Candida species are common commensals in the general population and may account for about 75% of the pathogens were isolated from the oral cavity and genital tracts of the HIV seropositive patients. Higher rates of mucosal carriage of Candida in HIV seropositive men and women were severally reported, with mucosal candidiasis representing the primary pathological challenges. Oropharyngeal Candidiasis was reported to be the commonest Abstract Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are at the greatest risk of being infected with various opportunistic infections, as their immune systems become so weak to fight against the infectious agents. Candida species are among the commonest opportunistic pathogens affecting people with weakened immune systems. Candidiasis remains the major challenge of public health important to the HIV patients. There is scarcity of information regarding the impact of Candidiasis in public health in Northeastern part of Nigeria, especially Bauchi State. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Candidiasis and the associated site of infection in the HIV patients. Clinical samples such as blood, urine, sputum and oral swab were collected from 300 HIV patients attending Federal Medical Center Azare, Bauchi State. The pathogens were isolated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and identified using Corn meal agar, Germ tube test, ChromagarCandida, Gram staining and Lactophenol cotton blue. Four Candida species were isolated among which Candida albican (51%) was the most prevalent followed by Candida glabrata (12%). The isolates colonized the oral cavity of 51.11% of the patients making oral candidiasis most common among the patients. The oral candidiasis is the most troublesome form of candidiasis among HIV patients, and has been caused mostly by Candida albican.
Oral colonization by Candida spp. among AIDS household contacts
Mycoses, 2001
This study was designed to investigate the oral yeast colonization rate of household contacts of AIDS patients. Sixty-four AIDS household contacts were sequentially enrolled along with 103 HIV-negative blood bank donors (control group). Samples were obtained by swabbing the oral mucosa. Yeast isolates were identi-®ed by classical methods and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to NCCLS microbroth assay. Candida spp. was recovered from the oral cavity of 33% of the AIDS household contacts, in contrast with 14% of the control group (P = 0.003 or P = 0.04 after adjusting for oral prosthesis use). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species in both groups. All of the isolates were susceptible to¯uconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate a higher colonization rate in the AIDS household contacts group compared with the control group. No resistant isolates to antifungal drugs was observed. We suggest that the contact with AIDS patients may play a role as a risk factor for developing oral colonization by Candida spp. Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wurde die Rate der oralen Hefebesiedlung bei Kontaktpersonen in AIDS-Haushalten untersucht. Die AIDS-Haushalt-Kontaktgruppe umfaûte 64 Personen, die Kontrollgruppe 103 HIV-negative Blutspender. Mundschleimhaut-Abstriche bildeten das Untersuchungsmaterial. Die Hefeisolate wurden nach herko È mmlichen Methoden identi®ziert und ihre Antimykotikaresistenz im NCCLS-Mikrodilutionstest bestimmt. Candida-Arten wurden bei 33% der AIDS-Kontaktgruppe gefunden und bei 14% der Kontrollgruppe (P = 0.003 bzw. 0.04 bei Beru È cksichtigung der Prothesentra Èger). Candida albicans war die am ha Èu®gsten isolierte Art in beiden Gruppen. Alle Isolate waren emp®ndlich fu È r Fluconazol, Itraconazol und Ketoconazol. Damit wurde aufgezeigt, dass AIDS-Kontaktpersonen ha Èu®ger als die Kontrollgruppe Candida-besiedelt sind. Resistenzpha Ènomene wurden nicht beobachtet. Es steht zu vermuten, dass der Kontakt mit AIDS-Patienten einen Risikofaktor zur Candida-Besiedlung darstellt.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2009
The objective of this study was to evaluate Candida oral colonization in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients undergoing long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (ARV). The cross-sectional study included 331 HIV patients, diagnosed from 1983 to 2003. Oral swabs were performed, and Candida species were determined using ID 32C. Isolates were tested for antifungal susceptibility. Clinical and laboratory data were collected to identify the association with Candida colonization. In total, 161 Candida isolates were detected among 147 of the 331 patients (44%), independently of the time when HIV infection was diagnosed. Candida albicans strains represented 137 (85%) of the isolates, and were susceptible to all of the tested antifungal drugs. Among the non-C. albicans strains, six isolates were dose-dependently susceptible to fluconazole, nine to itraconazole, and seven to ketoconazole. The isolation of Candida was significantly higher in patients with virological failure (83/147; p 0.0002) and CD4 + T-lymphocyte counts <200 cells/mm 3 (30/83; p 0.0003). Recovery of Candida in the oral cavity was independent of protease inhibitor (PI) usage (p 0.60). Colonized patients typically underwent salvage therapy (p 0.003), and had more episodes of opportunistic fungal infections (p 0.046) and malignancies (p 0.004). Oral Candida colonization in patients under ARV therapy was associated with the immunosupressed status of HIV-infected patients, i.e. low number of CD4 + T-cells per cubic millimetre, failure of ARV therapy (salvage therapy), and higher number of opportunistic infections and malignancies. Despite the fact that PIs have in vitro antifungal activity, the use of this class of antiretroviral agent did not influence the presence of Candida in the oral cavity of AIDS patients.
Infection Due to Fluconazole-Resistant Candida in Patients with AIDS: Prevalence and Microbiology
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1997
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and microbiology of oral infection due to fluconazole-resistant Candida in patients with AIDS. Oral swab specimens for fungal cultures were obtained from 100 consecutive outpatients with CD4 lymphocyte counts of <200/mm 3 . At least one fungal organism demonstrating in vitro resistance to fluconazole (minimum inhibitory concentration, ,ug/mL) was isolated from 26 (41%) of 64 patients for whom cultures were positive. When fluconazole-resistant C. albicans was isolated, in vitro resistance correlated with clinical thrush. None of 10 patients from whom only non-albicans species of Candida were isolated had active thrush. The patients from whom fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans was isolated had lower CD4 cell counts (median, 9/mm3), a greater number of treated episodes of thrush (median, 4.5), and a greater median duration of prior fluconazole treatment (231 days) than did patients from whom fluconazole-susceptible C. albicans was isolated (median CD4 cell count, 58/mm3 [P = .004]; median number of treated episodes of thrush, 2.0 [P = .001]; and median duration of prior fluconazole treatment, 10 days [P = .01]; respectively). In a multivariate analysis, the number of episodes and duration of fluconazole therapy were independent predictors of resistance.
2017
DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2017.5.10.19 Abstract: Over 33 million people are diseased with HIV globally. Opportunistic infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. Oropharyngeal Candida infection is the most common opportunistic disease in HIV infected individuals. The advent of highly active anti-retro viral therapy (HAART) has reduced the prevalence of these opportunistic infections including candidiasis. The introduction of HAART has permitted suppression of viral replication and a partial recovery of CD4 T-lymphocyte count in HIV infected patients. This was a cross sectional prospective study including 100 HIV positive patients receiving HAART therapy in our hospital. Oropharyngeal specimens were collected and processed as per standard mycological methods. Out of the 100 patients included in this study Candida was isolated in 24 patients. Non albicans Candida was the most frequently isolated species accounting for 79.16% and the remai...