Prediction and Rationalization of the pH Dependence of the Activity and Stability of Family 11 Xylanases † (original) (raw)
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Protein Engineering Design and Selection, 1998
Xylanase C from Aspergillus kawachii has an optimum pH of 2.0 and is stable at pH 1.0. The crystal structure of xylanase C was determined at 2.0 Å resolution (R-factor ϭ 19.4%). The overall structure was similar to those of other family 11 xylanases. Asp37 and an acid-base catalyst, Glu170, are located at a hydrogen-bonding distance (2.8 Å), as in other xylanases with low pH optima. Asp37 of xylanase C was replaced with asparagine and other residues by sitedirected mutagenesis. Analyses of the wild-type and mutant enzymes showed that Asp37 is important for high enzyme activity at low pH. In the case of the asparagine mutant, the optimum pH shifted to 5.0 and the maximum specific activity decreased to about 15% of that of the wild-type enzyme. On structural comparison with xylanases with higher pH optima, another striking feature of the xylanase C structure was found; the enzyme has numerous acidic residues concentrated on the surface (so-called 'Ser/Thr surface' in most family 11 xylanases). The relationship of the stability against extreme pH conditions and high salt concentrations with the spacially biased distribution of charged residues on the proteins is discussed.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2017
A thermostable variant of the mesophilic xylanase A from Bacillus subtilis (BsXynA-G3_4x) contains the four mutations Gln7His, Gly13Arg, Ser22Pro, and Ser179Cys. The crystal structure of the BsXynA-G3_4x has been solved, and the local environments around each of these positions investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at 328K and 348K. The structural and MD simulation results were correlated with thermodynamic data of the wild-type enzyme, the 4 single mutants and the BsXynA-G3_4x. This analysis suggests that the overall stabilizing effect is entropic, and is consistent with solvation of charged residues and reduction of main-chain flexibility. Furthermore, increased protein-protein hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions also contribute to stabilize the BsXynA-G3_4x. The study revealed that a combination of several factors is responsible for increased thermostability of the BsXynA-G3_4x; (i) introduction of backbone rigidity in regions of high flexibility, (ii) sol...
Febs Letters, 2005
The 1.7 Å resolution crystal structure of recombinant family G/11 b-1,4-xylanase (rXynA) from Bacillus subtilis 1A1 shows a jellyroll fold in which two curved b-sheets form the active-site and substrate-binding cleft. The onset of thermal denaturation of rXynA occurs at 328 K, in excellent agreement with the optimum catalytic temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations at temperatures of 298-328 K demonstrate that below the optimum temperature the thumb loop and palm domain adopt a closed conformation. However, at 328 K these two domains separate facilitating substrate access to the active-site pocket, thereby accounting for the optimum catalytic temperature of the rXynA.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021
With the growing need for renewable sources of energy, the interest for enzymes capable of biomass degradation has been increasing. In this paper, we consider two different xylanases from the GH-11 family: the particularly active GH-11 xylanase from Neocallimastix patriciarum, NpXyn11A, and the hyper-thermostable mutant of the environmentally isolated GH-11 xylanase, EvXyn11TS. Our aim is to identify the molecular determinants underlying the enhanced capacities of these two enzymes to ultimately graft the abilities of one on the other. Molecular dynamics simulations of the respective free-enzymes and enzyme–xylohexaose complexes were carried out at temperatures of 300, 340, and 500 K. An in-depth analysis of these MD simulations showed how differences in dynamics influence the activity and stability of these two enzymes and allowed us to study and understand in greater depth the molecular and structural basis of these two systems. In light of the results presented in this paper, the...
Acidophilic adaptation of family 11 endo-β-1,4-xylanases: Modeling and mutational analysis
Protein Science, 2004
Xyl1 from Streptomyces sp. S38 belongs to the low molecular mass family 11 of endo--1,4-xylanases. Its three-dimensional structure has been solved at 2.0 Å and its optimum temperature and pH for enzymatic activity are 60°C and 6.0, respectively. Aspergillus kawachii xylanase XynC belongs to the same family but is an acidophilic enzyme with an optimum pH of 2.0. Structural comparison of Xyl1 and XynC showed differences in residues surrounding the two glutamic acid side chains involved in the catalysis that could be responsible for the acidophilic adaptation of XynC. Mutations W20Y, N48D, A134E, and Y193W were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis and combined in multiple mutants. Trp 20 and Tyr 193 are involved in substrate binding. The Y193W mutation inactivated Xyl1 whereas W20Y decreased the optimum pH of Xyl1 to 5.0 and slightly increased its specific activity. The N48D mutation also decreased the optimum pH of Xyl1 by one unit. The A134E substitution did not induce any change, but when combined with N48D, a synergistic effect was observed with a 1.4 unit decrease in the optimum pH. Modeling showed that the orientations of residue 193 and of the fully conserved Arg 131 are different in acidophilic and "alkaline" xylanases whereas the introduced Tyr 20 probably modifies the pK a of the acid-base catalyst via residue Asn 48. Docking of a substrate analog in the catalytic site highlighted striking differences between Xyl1 and XynC in substrate binding. Hydrophobicity calculations showed a correlation between acidophilic adaptation and a decreased hydrophobicity around the two glutamic acid side chains involved in catalysis.
FEBS letters, 2005
The 1.7 Å resolution crystal structure of recombinant family G/11 b-1,4-xylanase (rXynA) from Bacillus subtilis 1A1 shows a jellyroll fold in which two curved b-sheets form the active-site and substrate-binding cleft. The onset of thermal denaturation of rXynA occurs at 328 K, in excellent agreement with the optimum catalytic temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations at temperatures of 298-328 K demonstrate that below the optimum temperature the thumb loop and palm domain adopt a closed conformation. However, at 328 K these two domains separate facilitating substrate access to the active-site pocket, thereby accounting for the optimum catalytic temperature of the rXynA.
Shifting the optimum pH of Bacillus circulans xylanase towards acidic side by introducing arginine
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 2013
Electrostatic interactions are important in protein folding, binding, flexibility, stability and function. The pH at which the enzyme is maximally active is determined by the pK a s of the active site residues, which are modulated by several factors including the change in electrostatics in its vicinity. As the acidic xylanases are important in food and animal feed industries, electrostatic interactions are introduced in Bacillus circulans xylanase to shift their pH optima towards the acidic side. Arg substitutions are made to modulate the pK a s of the active site residues. Neutral residues are substituted by Arg in such a way that the substituted residue can make direct interaction with the catalytic residues. However, the mutations with other titratable residues (Asp, Arg, Lys, His, Tyr, and Ser) present in between the catalytic sites and the substituted sites are avoided. Site directed mutagenesis was conducted to confirm the strategy. The results show the shift in pH optima of the mutants towards the acidic side by 0.5 -1.5 unit. Molecular dynamics simulation of the mutant V37R reveals that the decrease in activity is due to the increase in distance between the substrate oxygen atoms and catalytic glutamates.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2019
Xylanase is an important enzyme in industrial applications, which usually require the enzyme to maintain activity in high-temperature condition. In this study, a GH10 family xylanase XynAF0 from a thermophilic composting fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus Z5, was investigated to determine its thermostable mechanism. XynAF0 showed excellent thermostability, which could maintain 50% relative activity after incubation for 1 h at 70 C. The homologous modeling structure of XynAF0 was constructed and an a-helix composed of poly-threonine has been found in the linker region between the catalytic domain and the carbohydrate-binding module domain. Both the molecular dynamics simulation and the biochemical experiments proved that the a-helix plays an important role in the thermostability of XynAF0. Introducing of this poly-threonine region to the C-terminus of another GH10 family xylanase improved its thermostability. Our results indicated that the poly-threonine a-helix at the C-terminus of the catalytic domain was important for improving the thermophilic of GH10 family xylanases, which provides a new strategy for the thermostability modification of xylanases.
Process Biochemistry, 2012
Introduction or disruption of long-range electrostatic interactions can be an effective way to change the pK a s of catalytic residues and the pH optima of enzymes. In particular, shifting the pH optima toward the acidic or basic limb is an important issue for industrial applications of xylanases, e.g., for the paper or food industries. Here, we suggest an effective strategy to shift the pH optimum of an enzyme by introducing charged residue. Our strategy is to alter the titration behavior of the strongly interacting catalytic glutamates in Bacillus circulans xylanase by introducing acidic or basic residue in juxtaposition to the natively present acidic residues surrounding the catalytic site, thereby shifting the pH-activity profile. Mutation sites were chosen to be long distances (>8.5Å) away from the catalytic sites. The strategy was verified by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. The results show that the pH optimum can be changed (−0.5 to 1.5 unit) by strategically selecting the mutation sites. The strategies developed can effectively be applied to change the pH optima of the families of enzymes harboring acidic residues as catalytic residues.