2011. Malnutrition in Primary School-age Children (original) (raw)
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assesment of malnutrition under 5 years
Malnutrition literally means "bad nutrition" and technically includes both over-and undernutrition. In the context of developing countries, under-nutrition is generally the main issue of concern, though industrialization and changes in eating habits have increased the prevalence of over-nutrition. Nonetheless, within the context of World Food Program (WFP) programs And assessments, malnutrition refers to under-nutrition unless otherwise specified. WFP defines malnutrition as "a state in which the physical function of an individual is impaired to the point where he or she can no longer maintain adequate bodily performance process such as growth, pregnancy, lactation, physical work and resisting and recovering from disease.
Proposed New Anthropometric Indices of Childhood Undernutrition
The three conventional anthropometric indicators of childhood undernutrition are stunting (low height-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height). Recently a new composite index, namely the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) has been proposed and utilised to study childhood undernutrition. In this paper, we have attempted to construct three new indices of undernutrition, relative to the CIAF. These three indices are: Stunting Index (SI) = Stunting / CIAF, Underweight Index (UI) = Underweight / CIAF and Wasting Index (WI) = Wasting / CIAF. Furthermore, we have calculated and compared these indices using our dataset as well as other existing datasets. Using our dataset, the sex-combined values of SI, UI and WI were 0.364, 0.866 and 0.684, respectively. The corresponding values among boys were 0.364, 0.866 and 0.729. Among girls, they were 0.380, 0.866 and 0.641, respectively. When applied to the all India dataset, the values of SI, UI and WI were 0.756, 0.788 and 0.266, respectively. Similar values (SI = 0.723, UI = 0.681, WI = 0.294) were observed when they were computed on data available from Coimbatore, South India. In conclusion, we suggest that these three new indices provide additional information on the prevalence of different forms of undernutrition relative to the total level of undernutrition in a particular population.
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2021
Child malnutrition constitutes a serious threat to child survival and development in the DRC. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from 2013/14 provides data on the prevalence of malnutrition in children below five years in 2013 in the DRC. According to the survey, 43% of the children suffered from stunting, 8% from wasting and 23% from underweight. Under five years children of the households with family size of greater than 5 were seen associated with severe acute malnutrition of the children (OR = 2.267, 95% CI 1.235-4.161). The illiteracy rate was 98 (90.7%) among mothers of the cases and 71 (65.7%) among the mothers of controls similarly, 93 (86.1%) among the fathers of the cases and 76 (70.4%) among the controls. Under five years children whose mother is illiterate were significantly associated with severe acute malnutrition of the children (OR = 8.25, 95% CI 2.923-23.287); similarly under five years children whose father is illiterate were also seen associated with severe acute malnutrition of the children (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.307-5.578). Majority of the mothers, 102 (94.4%) of the cases and 105 (97.4%) of the controls, were housewives with no occupation. Anthropometric measurement of the children was measured based on the WHO standardized procedures. Weight and recumbent length/ height was taken according to WHO standardized techniques.
… Paper POP2005-0006/Population Aging Center …, 2005
During the past few decades, Bangladeshi children under age 10 have experienced significant improvements in nutrition, and sex differences in child nutrition have declined significantly regardless of family structure, a major change from previous observations in Matlab. However, our attempts to understand child nutrition in developing countries are hindered by problems with the measures used to evaluate health. The anthropometric proxies commonly used to judge nutrition (BMI, weight-for-age and height-for-age) often fail to capture the true health status of children in undernourished populations. Further, the standard of comparison based on U.S. children misclassifies a large number of children in Bangladesh as malnourished, particularly in the adolescent years. We explore nutrition in Matlab, Bangladesh, using measures of acute and chronic morbidity to assess whether and how anthropometric indicators of nutrition accurately reflect the health of children in this population.
Determinants of underweight, stunting and wasting among schoolchildren
BMC Public Health, 2015
Background: The cause of under-nutrition in schoolchildren is complex and varying from region to region. However, identifying the cause is the basic step for nutritional intervention programs. Methods: School based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 450 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years, using multi-stage sampling techniques in Dale Woreda, southern Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire and 24-hour recall methods were administered to determine the sociodemographic and dietary intake of participants. Stool microscopic examination was done. Weight and height were measured using a standard calibrated scale. Odds ratio generated from logistic regression was used to determine the strength of variables association. Results: Older age group (10-14 vs. 7-9) (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7-6.6) and having Trichuris Trichura infection (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4-11.6) increased the risk of being stunted. Children whose mothers have completed primary education are less likely to be stunted than children whose mothers do not have formal education (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8). Having large family size (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4-7.9) and inadequate intake of carbohydrate (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-6.8) were independent predictors of wasting. Children whose mothers completed primary education are less likely to be underweight (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9). Children live in food insecure households are more likely to be stunted, underweight and wasted than children live in food secure households (AOR = 2.5; 95%, 1-5.6; AOR = 3.9; 95% CI, 1.2-12.0; AOR = 4.8; 95% CI, 1.7-13.6;). Conclusion: Household food insecurity, low maternal education and infection with Trichuris trichura were some of the major factors contributing to under-nutrition in the study area.
Human Development and related Components with Malnutrition in Children: a Global Ecological Study
International Journal of Pediatrics, 2016
Background: It is necessary to get information on nutrition situation in children and epidemiology of the malnutrition to use for planning and health policy making, therefore this study aimed to identify the role of human development on nutrition situation in children under-five years of old worldwide.Methods: This ecological study was performed on the relation of the nutrition situation of children under 5 years of old and HDI. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained from the UNDP database and Data about prevalence of wasting, stunting and overweight in children under 5 (%) were obtained from WHO. Correlation bivariate method were used to assessment of the correlation between the prevalence of nutrition status and the HDI.Results: Globally mean prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight were 23.4, 6.2 and 7.1 percent respectively. There was a negative significant correlation between prevalence of stunting and wasting with HDI, Life expectancy at birth, Mean year of s...
ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF PATTERNS OF MALNUTRITION AND ITS
Introduction-Without proper nutrition, children are susceptible to more frequent and severe childhood illnesses, stunted growth, developmental delays, and death. Previous studies show that the prevalence of undernutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) is generally higher among children with resettled (internally displaced) families compared to those of permanent residents. Objective-The objective of this study is to assess and compare nutritional status and identify its determinant factors among internally displaced and indigenous children of age 6-59 months in Amuru District, Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, West Oromia region. Method-A community based comparative cross sectional study was conducted from March to April 2013. Structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic and economic factors and child care practices. Information on anthropometric indices was also collected using well-calibrated weighing scale and height measuring board. Stratified sampling procedure was employed to select the required households. A total of 891 children, 442 from Internally Displaced Peoples and 449 from Indigenous communities were selected from eight kebeles by systematic sampling techniques. Data entry was done with Epi info version 3.5.3 which was then exported to SPSS version 20 statistical package for analysis. The 2006 WHO standard was used to convert height and weight measurements into Z-scores. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were used as appropriate. Results-A slightly higher percentage of children aged 6-59 months among IDPs had stunting compared to those from Indigenous communities (52.9% versus 51.3%) although the difference was not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05). In contrast, there was a marked difference in the rate of wasting in the two populations (21% among IDPs, 7.1% among indigenous) (p-value < 0.05). Similarly, the percentage of children who were categorized as underweight was much higher among IDPs (36.8%) compared to Indigenous communities (11.8%) (P-value < 0.05). Sex of child (being male), younger children and children who had been on bottle feeding were significantly associated with stunting in both children of IDPs and Indigenous communities.
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2019
INTRODUCTION The burden of undernutrition is hanging high globally and continues to be a primary cause of ill-health and premature mortality among children in developing countries. It is commonly assessed using anthropometric measures in combination with sex and age. Using these anthropometric measures indices like weight-forage Z score (WAZ), height-forage Z score (HAZ), weight-for-height Z score (WHZ) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) have been developed. 1 Low weight for height reflects acute undernutrition with loss of mass suggestive of wasting and low height for age, also known as stunting represents chronic undernutrition due to poor skeletal growth. MUAC less than 11.5 cm is suggestive of severe wasting and severe acute malnutrition. 2 On the other hand, a low weight for age, i.e. underweight, represents both acute and chronic malnutrition. These conventional indices reflect distinct biological processes, but they are not mutually exclusive. A child who is found to be stunted can also be underweight and ABSTRACT Background: Undernutrition continues to be the primary cause of ill health and premature mortality. The sustainable development goal 2 aims to end all forms of hunger by 2030 and lead towards an improvement in child health. The national data categorize the level of undernutrition as underweight, wasting and stunting. The weight for age estimates used under ICDS misses out the other forms of malnutrition. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of undernutrition using a composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and compare it with conventional indices. Methods: A community based setting and cross-sectional study design. By simple random sampling 265 under-five children residing in a marginalized community of North West district of Delhi. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information and anthropometric measurements were taken using standard operative procedures. Z scores were calculated by WHO-ANTHRO software version 3.2.2. Descriptive analysis was conducted using statistical package for social sciences version 22. Results: The prevalence of anthropometric failure by CIAF was 60.5% and based on other indices undernutrition was found as 44.5% stunting, 35.4% underweight and 26.4% wasting. MUAC detected 23.7% of undernourished. CIAF provides a better picture of undernutrition compared to other indices. Conclusions: Since CIAF is more than that estimated by any of the conventional indicators, it proves to be a better indicator in assessing the overall burden of under-nutrition in a population. Development of policies based on CIAF to reduce the burden of undernutrition may prove to be more effective.