An extinction cue reduces spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion (original) (raw)
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Spontaneous recovery after extinction of a conditioned taste aversion
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1996
Four experiments examined whether or not spontaneous recovery could occur after extinction in the conditioned taste-aversion paradigm. After three extinction trials, spontaneous recovery was obtained over an 18-dayretention interval (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The effect was not due to changes in the unconditioned preference for saccharin over the retention interval (Experiment 2) or to an increase in a nonextinguished aversion over time, as indicated by tests with both the original, nonextinguished aversion (Experiment 1) and with a weaker one (Experiment 3). Spontaneous recovery was not obtained when extinction was overtrained (eight trials) and a 49-day retention interval was used (Experiment 4). However, saccharin intake at asymptote reached the level of baseline water intake, and not the highly preferred level shown by never-conditioned controls. Results of all four experiments suggest that extinction does not return an averted taste to the status of an unconditioned one.
Slow reacquisition of a conditioned taste aversion
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1995
Rats were used to examine the extent to which extinction of an acquired conditioned taste aversion retards subsequent reacquisition. A saccharin-flavored solution (sac) was paired with LiCI and then followed by C8-alone extinction trials with this flavor. A control group received a different flavor, decaffeinated-coffee (coff) , during initial conditioning and extinction. Sac was then paired with LiCIfor all rats during a second conditioning phase. Reacquisition of the aversion to sac was retarded relative to the acquisition of an aversion to sac by the control group. A similar experiment with fewer extinction trials, but still with complete loss of the initial aversion, did not obtain slow reacquisition. The results are discussed with respect to an interference view of extinction and the slowreacquisition effect.
Learning and Motivation, 1997
Two experiments were conducted to test whether a renewal effect known to occur after extinction in many conditioning preparations can also be found in the conditioned taste aversion paradigm. Experiment 1 found that a taste aversion extinguished in a context different from the conditioning context was partially renewed when the taste was returned to the conditioning context. Extinction of the aversion proceeded similarly regardless of whether it occurred in the conditioning context or in a second context, suggesting that context-illness or context-taste associations that might have developed during conditioning did not influence performance, and that the flavor was perceived as the same stimulus in the two contexts. Experiment 2 examined the effects of the same context manipulations on flavors that had been explicitly unpaired with illness; no effects on flavor consumption were found. Taken together, the results suggest that the context might play the same modulatory role in taste aversion learning that it does in other conditioning procedures. ᭧ 1997 Academic Press
Extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats: I. Behavioral effects
Physiology & behavior, 1997
Extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats: II. Neural effects in the nucleus of the solitary tract. PHYSIOL BEHAV 61(3) [373][374][375][376][377][378][379] 1997.-The formation of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats results in neural changes at several levels of the gustatory system. In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the outstanding feature of the response to a CS is a brief burst of activity that is absent in unconditioned animals. The burst occurs about 1 s after stimulus onset and is seen only in neurons that respond well to sugars and the CS (0.0025 M NaSaccharin). We recorded single neuron activity in response to 12 stimuli from taste cells in the NTS of 8 rats, in which a CTA to NaSaccharin had been created and fully extinguished, and in 8 unconditioned controls. The issue was if the neural effects of the CTA in NTS were reversed with extinction. We recorded the activity of 41 neurons in controls and 55 in CTA-extinguished rats. Responses measured across all neurons were not significantly different in spontaneous activity, breadth of tuning, overall response magnitude to each of the 12 stimuli, relationship among stimuli in taste spaces, or time-course. However, cells in the sugar-sensitive subgroup showed a clear vestige of the conditioning experience. They gave a well-defined burst of activity to the CS, though of reduced amplitude and slightly longer latency than in fully conditioned rats. This burst was no longer associated with the conditioned behavior-which was fully extinguished-though it may be a permanent marker for the once-salient CS that can influence subsequent reacquisition of the aversion. ᭧ 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 2016
In 3 experiments rats experienced 2 flavors, each paired with sucrose, in order to establish a conditioned preference to each. One (flavor Fe) was then presented alone (an extinction procedure) prior to a choice test between Fe and the flavor that did not undergo extinction (Fne). Hungry rats showed a preference for Fne over Fe (Experiment 1A), but rats that were not food-deprived showed no effect of extinction when given a choice between Fe and Fne immediately after extinction (Experiment 1B) or after an interval in which reexposure to sucrose was given (Experiment 2). The extinction procedure was not without effect, however, as Fe was preferred over Fne after sucrose had been devalued by pairing with lithium chloride, and Fne was preferred over Fe after a procedure likely to enhance the value of the sucrose (Experiment 3). The explanations considered propose that preference conditioning establishes a range of associations between the flavor and the various properties of sucrose (its nutritional value, its taste, the hedonic reaction it evokes). It is suggested that the form of learning that mediates revaluation effects is sensitive to extinction whereas that responsible for performance on a consumption test is not.
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1992
Two experiments examined the effects of nonreinforced flavor exposure on the strength of a conditioned taste aversion. Rats were conditioned by pairing maple flavor with LiCl. Prior to or subsequent to this pairing, some animals received nonreinforced exposure to either maple or saccharin. In separate subjects, preference for maple was tested 1 or 21 days after the last training episode. In the first experiment, the nonreinforced stimulus exposure occurred before conditioning (latent inhibition, or LI, procedure); in the second experiment, the nonreinforced exposure occurred after conditioning (extinction, or EXT, training), In both experiments, nonreinforced exposure to maple or saccharin reduced the magnitude of a conditioned maple aversion when testing occurred soon after conditioning. When testing was delayed, however, the attenuation due to nonreinforced saccharin exposure dissipated, both with the LI procedure and with EXT. In contrast, the nonreinforced exposure to maple was found to attenuate conditioned reactions at both short and long retention intervals. The release from generalized LI and spontaneous recovery following generalized EXT training are discussed in terms ofretrieval processing. The possibility that the same mechanism may underlie LI and EXT is considered.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1998
Spontaneous forgetting is often attributed to retrieval failure caused by natural changes in the background context that occur over time. However, some investigators have argued that the contextchange account of forgetting is paradoxical, because context-change effects themselves decrease over time. To resolve the paradox, we have suggested that organisms may merely forget the physical context as the temporal context in which it is embedded changes; this explanation accepts a fundamental similarity between time and physical context. The present experiment tested an implication of this analysis by examining the interaction between retention interval and context change in rats after a taste aversion was conditioned and then extinguished. Importantly, subjects tested at the longer (24-day) retention interval received reminder exposure to the physical contexts before testing. Under these conditions, retention interval and context change both caused relapse of the extinguished aversion (spontaneous recovery and renewal, respectively), and the strongest overall relapse was observed when the two treatments were combined. Such additivity (rather than interactivity) is consistent with a context-change account of forgetting and sets the stage for resolution of the contextforgetting paradox.
Role of exteroceptive background context in taste-aversion conditioning and extinction
Learning & Behavior, 1979
In two experiments, saccharin (CS) and lithium chloride (US) were paired in a context consisting of specific visual, auditory, tactual, and olfactory cues. The saccharin aversion was then extinguished in a context free from conditioning-context cues. Later, saccharin preference tests were given in the presence and absence of these cues. The results indicated that the background cues of the conditioning trial controlled the amount of saccharin drunk on extinction trials, and, furthermore, that extinction of the taste aversion was context specific; i.e., groups given extinction trials in a different (from conditioning) context retained their saccharin aversion in the conditioning context only. The results indicate an important role played by the exteroceptive context in taste-aversion conditioning.