Bacterial Lysine Decarboxylase Influences Human Dental Biofilm Lysine Content, Biofilm Accumulation, and Subclinical Gingival Inflammation (original) (raw)
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Low Biofilm Lysine Content in Refractory Chronic Periodontitis
Journal of Periodontology, 2017
Background: Chronic periodontitis is controlled without antibiotics by scaling and root planing (SRP) to remove dental biofilm. We previously reported that the epithelial barrier to bacterial proinflammatory products is impaired when biofilm lysine falls below the minimal content of normal blood plasma. We therefore examined whether low biofilm lysine contents were associated with being refractory and requiring antibiotics to supplement SRP therapy. Methods: Sixteen periodontitis patients and 6 periodontally healthy volunteers (HV), respective mean ages 57±6 and 36±8 years, were examined. Periodontitis patients received SRP and surgery, and HV received prophylaxis. At quarterly maintenance/prophylaxis visits during the subsequent year, therapeutic response was good (GR, n=9) or poor (PR, n=7; 5 cigarette smokers). Biofilm cadaverine, lysine and other amino acid (AA) contents were determined by liquid chromatography. Cadaverine mole fraction of lysine plus cadaverine (CF) indicated biofilm lysine decarboxylase activity. Results: Biofilm lysine was 0.19±0.10 and 0.20±0.09 μmol/mg in GR and HV, but 0.07±0.03 μmol/mg in PR (Kruskal-Wallis p< 0.01). All AAs were depleted in biofilm from smokers, but only lysine in biofilm from nonsmokers. CF was inversely associated with clinical attachment level (CAL) at baseline before therapy in all patients (R 2 =0.28, p<0.01) and with CAL change after therapy in GR (R 2 =0.49, p<0.05). Lysine and cadaverine contents discriminated PR from GR and HV (Wilks' Lambda=0.499, p <0.012). Conclusions: Refractory responses requiring antibiotic therapy result from smoking and/or microbial infections that starve the biofilm and epithelial attachment of lysine. Biofilm CF associates with periodontitis severity pre-therapy and extent of therapeutic response post-therapy.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Periodontal disease is a common, bacterially mediated health problem worldwide. Mastication (chewing) repeatedly traumatizes the gingiva and periodontium, causing traces of inflammatory exudate, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), to appear in crevices between the teeth and gingiva. Inadequate tooth cleaning causes a dentally adherent microbial biofilm composed of commensal salivary bacteria to appear around these crevices where many bacteria grow better on GCF than in saliva. We reported that lysine decarboxylase (Ldc) from Eikenella corrodens depletes the GCF of lysine by converting it to cadaverine and carbon dioxide. Lysine is an amino acid essential for the integrity and continuous renewal of dentally attached epithelium acting as a barrier to microbial products. Unless removed regularly by oral hygiene, bacterial products invade the lysine-deprived dental attachment where they stimulate inflammation that enhances GCF exudation. Cadaverine increases and supports the development of...
Physiological Approaches to the Control of Oral Biofilms
Advances in Dental Research, 1997
Evidence that physiological strategies may be potential routes for oral biofilm control has come from (i) observations of the variations in the intra-oral distribution of members of the resident oral microflora, (ii) changes in plaque composition in health and disease, and (iii) data from laboratory model systems. Key physiological factors that were identified as significant in modulating the microflora included the local pH, redox potential (E h ), and nutrient availability. Increases in mutans streptococci and lactobacilli occur at sites with caries; growth of these species is selectively enhanced at low pH. In contrast, periodontal diseases are associated with plaque accumulation, followed by an inflammatory host response. The increases in Gramnegative, proteolytic, and obligately anaerobic bacteria reflect a low redox potential and a change in nutrient status due to the increased flow of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Consequently, physiological strategies for oral biofilm control should focus on reducing the frequency of low pH in plaque by (i) inhibiting acid production, (ii) using sugar substitutes, and (iii) promoting alkali generation from arginine or urea supplements. Similarly, strategies to make the pocket environment less favorable to periodontopathogens include (i) anti-inflammatory agents to reduce the flow of (and hence nutrient supply by) GCF, (ii) bacterial protease inhibitors, and (iii) redox agents to raise the E h locally. Most laboratory and clinical findings support the concept of physiological control. However, some data suggest that the ordered structure and metabolically interactive organization of mature dental plaque could generate a community with a high level of homeostasis that is relatively resistant to deliberate external manipulation.
The Pathophysiology of Oral Biofilms and it’s relation to Initial Gum Disease and Caries
Journal of Dentistry, Oral Disorders & Therapy, 2017
This study appraises diverse theoretical concepts into a coherent hypothetical concept of the pathophysiology of oral biofilms. The microbiota, their characteristics and properties are systematically analyzed and mechanisms of maturation clarified. Not all biofilms are the same as its stagnation and progress leads to development of gum disease and/or tooth decay. By deconstructing and assessing the various stages and types of oral biofilms, greater insight is attained in terms of assessing methods of prevention, its formation and control. Besides the local effect of biofilms on the teeth, bone and soft oral structures, some pathological effects and mechanisms derived from oral biofilms on systemic disease are highlighted and articulated into a comprehensible hypothetical rationale.
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2017
Microbial biofilms are complex communities of bacteria and are common in the human oral cavity and in the environment. Dental plaque is structured microbiology, and pathophysiology of dental biofilms. Biofilm increases bacteria's resistance to both the host's defense system and antimicrobial action. If it's not removed regularly, the biofilm undergoes maturation and can lead to dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. In addition, subgingival biofilm in patients with periodontitis, has been associated with various systemic diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. So it's important to understanding of the nature and pathophysiology of the dental biofilm to implement proper management strategies. Although dental biofilm cannot be eliminated by daily oral care but it can be reduced and controlled. Biofilm can be controlled by daily regimen of thorough mechanical oral hygiene procedures, including tooth brushing and interdental cleaning. The root canal anatomy provides excellent conditions for a biofilm to develop which is one of the main causes for caries and later progress to pulpal diseases. The following review article explores the biofilm formation which commences from adhesion of planktonic microorganisms to a surface followed by colonization, coadhesion, growth and maturation and finally detachment of some microorganisms on the tooth surface and inside the root canal.
Nutrients
Plaque control is one of the most recommended approaches in the prevention and therapy of caries and periodontal diseases. However, although most individuals in industrialized countries already perform daily oral hygiene, caries and periodontal diseases still are the most common diseases of mankind. This raises the question of whether plaque control is really a causative and effective approach to the prevention of these diseases. From an evolutionary, biological, and nutritional perspective, dental biofilms have to be considered a natural phenomenon, whereas several changes in human lifestyle factors during modern evolution are not “natural”. These lifestyle factors include the modern “Western diet” (rich in sugar and saturated fats and low in micronutrients), smoking, sedentary behavior, and continuous stress. This review hypothesizes that not plaque itself but rather these modern, unnatural lifestyle factors are the real causes of the high prevalence of caries and periodontal dise...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006
Clinical studies indicate relationships between dental plaque, a naturally formed biofilm, and oral diseases. The crucial role of nonmicrobial biofilm constituents in maintaining biofilm structure and biofilm-specific attributes, such as resistance to shear and viscoelasticity, is increasingly recognized. Concurrent analyses of the diverse nonmicrobial biofilm components for multiparameter assessments formed the focus of this investigation. Comparable numbers of Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, Neisseria subflava, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans cells were seeded into multiple wells of 96-well polystyrene plates for biofilm formation. Quantitative fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) examined the influences of dietary sugars, incubation conditions, ingredients in oral hygiene formulations, and antibiotics on biofilm components. Biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were examined with an optimized mixture of fluorescent lectins, with biofilm proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids detected with specific fluorescent stains. Anaerobic incubation of biofilms resulted in significantly more biofilm EPS and extractable carbohydrates than those formed under aerobic conditions (P < 0.05). Sucrose significantly enhanced biofilm EPS in comparison to fructose, galactose, glucose, and lactose (P < 0.05). CLSM demonstrated thicker biofilms under sucrose-replete conditions, along with significant increases in biofilm EPS, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, than under conditions of sucrose deficiency (P < 0.05). Agents in oral hygiene formulations (chlorhexidine, ethanol, and sodium lauryl sulfate), a mucolytic agent (N-acetyl-L-cysteine), and antibiotics with different modes of action (amoxicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin) inhibited biofilm components (P < 0.05). Multiparameter analysis indicated a dose-dependent inhibition of biofilm EPS and protein by chlorhexidine and sodium lauryl sulfate, along with distinctive inhibitory patterns for subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Collectively, these results highlight multiparameter assessments as a broad platform for simultaneous assessment of diverse biofilm components.
Microbiology of Dental Biofilms and Its Significance in Oral health : Review
Microbial biofilms are complex communities of bacteria and are common in the human body and in the environment. Many, if not most bacteria which inhabit the oral cavity grow as a biofilm on the non-shedding surfaces of the teeth. Therefore the ability to adhere to the oral surfaces and to grow within a biofilm will give these bacteria a significant advantage in this environment due to the advantages of the biofilm mode of growth, In recent years, dental plaque has been identified as a biofilm, and the structure, microbiology, and pathophysiology of dental biofilms have been described. The nature of the biofilm enhances the component bacteria's resistance (D. Dufour et. al, 2012) to both the host's defense system and antimicrobials. If not removed regularly, the biofilm undergoes maturation, and the resulting pathogenic bacterial complex can lead to dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. In addition, dental biofilm, especially subgingival plaque in patients with periodontitis, has been associated with various systemic diseases (Thomas JG, Nakaishi LA, 2006) and disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes .
Brazilian Oral Research, 2012
Our understanding of dental plaque biofilm has evolved since the nonspecific plaque hypothesis that considered plaque as a nonspecific mass of native microorganisms that, because of lack of oral hygiene, builds up in proportions great enough to overcome the host resistance threshold and affect the tooth structure and tooth supporting tissues. A great diversity of microorganisms-over 700 species-was detected in the oral cavity, and evidence shows that the investigation of specific microorganisms or associations of microorganisms as etiological agents for periodontal diseases and caries is not a simplistic approach. Although clinical evidence shows that oral mechanical hygiene is fundamental to prevent and control caries and periodontal disease, it is important to highlight that optimal control is not achieved by most individuals. Thus the complementary use of chemotherapeutic agents has been investigated as a way to overcome the deficiencies of mechanical oral hygiene habits, insofar as they reduce both plaque formation and gingival inflammation, and represent a valid strategy to change the biofilm and maintain dental and periodontal health. The role of the dental professional is to monitor patients and offer them the best recommendations to preserve oral health throughout their life. With this in mind, chemical control should be indicated as part of daily oral hygiene, together with mechanical procedures, for all individuals who present supragingival and/or subgingival biofilm, taking into account age, physical and/or psychological limitations, allergies, and other factors.