Zinc availability and digestive zinc solubility in piglets and broilers fed diets varying in their phytate contents, phytase activity and supplemented zinc source (original) (raw)
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Bioavailability of zinc sources and their interaction with phytates in broilers and piglets
animal, 2012
Zinc (Zn) is essential for swine and poultry and native Zn concentrations in feedstuffs are too low to meet their Zn requirement. Dietary Zn bioavailability is affected by phytate, phytase and Zn supplemented in organic form is considered as more bioavailable than inorganic sources. A meta-analysis using GLM procedures was processed using broiler and piglet databases to investigate, within the physiological response of Zn, (1) the bioavailability of inorganic and organic Zn sources (Analysis I); (2) the bioavailability of native and inorganic Zn dependent from dietary phytates, vegetal and supplemental phytase activity (Analysis II). Analysis I: the bioavailability of organic Zn relative to inorganic Zn sources ranged, depending on the variable, from 85 to 117 never different from 100 (P> 0.05). The coefficients of determination of the regressions were 0.91 in broilers and above 0.89 in piglets. Analysis II: in broilers, bone Zn was explained by supplemental Zn (linear and quadra...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2004
Thirty-six pigs, weaned at 28 days of age at an average body weight of 9.3 kg were used in a 19-day experiment to assess the bioavailability of Zn. A Zn-methionine complex with a molar methionine to Zn ratio of 2:1 was compared to Zn sulphate using a basal diet based on maize and soya bean meal supplemented with or without microbial phytase. Six experimental diets were formulated: the basal diet containing 32 mg Zn/kg, the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg Zn/kg from either sulphate (ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O) or the organic source (ZnOrg), and the same three previous diets supplemented with 1200 units (U) of microbial phytase per kilogram. The replacement of ZnSO 4 by the organic source did not modify Zn retention, the concentration of Zn in bone and plasma or plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. The addition of microbial phytase considerably improved Zn bioavailability. Considering plasma AP activity, plasma Zn concentration, bone Zn concentration and Zn retention, the effect of adding 1200 U phytase/kg in the basal diet largely exceeded the effect of adding 20 mg Zn/kg. When phytase was added to the basal diet, these indicators of Zn status increased by 198, 269, 111 and 189%, respectively. Dietary phytase and Zn also modified the utilisation of Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Cu by piglets.
South African Journal of Animal Science
Three hundred and thirty-six day-old Ross-308 male broiler chicks were used in a 35-day trial to investigate the effect of different concentrations of dietary Zn and phytase on broiler performance and energy utilization. Twelve day-old birds were used for the initial slaughter group to provide baseline body compositional data, while the remaining 324 birds were randomly distributed to six experimental diets. The treatments consisted of a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three levels of Zn (low, mid, and high; 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg, respectively) and two levels (0, 500 FTU/kg) of microbial phytase. Each dietary treatment was fed to 6 cages (9 birds/cage). Low Zn diet significantly decreased feed intake and body weight gain at days 1-24. Phytase supplementation improved body weight gain at d 24, irrespective of Zn level. The digestibility of P was improved in birds fed high-Zn diet with phytase supplementation, and the reverse was the case for Fe and Zn digestibility. High dietary Zn increased the Zn and Fe deposition in liver. The activity of AP, Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum was high in the phytase supplemented mid-level Zn diet. Phytase supplemented to the mid and high level Zn diets significantly improved most energy utilization parameters. This result indicate that the Zn concentrations used in this study were not inhibitory to phytase activity and broiler performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that dietary zinc level in phytase-supplemented diets could be increased up to 50 mg/kg without any negative effect on phytase-mediated broiler response.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015
Some reports indicate a wide range for Zn requirements for broiler chickens i.e. from 10.6 to 105 mg kg -1 . A number of factors other than dietary Zn concentration determine the need for supplementation, principally dietary phytate. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was reevaluation of the zinc requirement for broiler, fed practical diet supplemented with phytase in a dose-response trial. A total of 768 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. Basal corn-soy diet deficient in Zn was supplemented with experimental diets for making 16 dietary treatments. Experimental design was a completely randomized design in a 4×4 factorial arrangement. Factors included four levels of dietary zinc (24, 54, 84 and 114 mg kg -1 ) and phytase (0, 100, 200, 300 FTU kg -1 ). Treatments were replicated four times and each had 12 birds. Linear and nonlinear functions were derived for graded levels of zinc and phytase. Results indicated that effect of dietary zinc on body weight at 42 d...
animal, 2007
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the sparing effect of microbial phytase on the need for dietary zinc supplementation in chicks. A maize-soya-bean meal basal diet, containing 33 mg of zinc and 16 mg of copper per kg, supplemented with 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 or 60 mg of zinc as sulphate per kg or with 250, 500, 750 or 1000 units (FTU) of microbial phytase (3-phytase from Aspergillus niger, Natuphos R ) per kg was given to 1-day-old chicks for 20 days. Sixteen chicks placed in individual cages were assigned to each diet except the unsupplemented basal diet which was assigned to 32 cages. Actual range of phytase supplementation was 280 to 850 FTU per kg diet. Growth performance was not affected by microbial phytase. Chicks given the unsupplemented basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 60 mg of zinc per kg displayed similar performance. Bone weight, bone ash, liver weight and liver dry matter were independent (P . 0.1) of zinc and phytase supplementations. Plasma, bone and liver zinc concentrations increased linearly (P , 0.001) and quadratically (P , 0.001; P , 0.001 and P , 0.05, respectively) with zinc added. Plasma zinc tended to increase linearly (P 5 0.07) and bone zinc increased linearly (P , 0.01) with phytase added but no quadratic response was detected (P . 0.1). Liver zinc was unresponsive to phytase added (P . 0.1). Liver copper decreased linearly (P , 0.001) and quadratically (P , 0.01) with zinc supplementation. Mathematical functions were fitted to the responses of plasma and bone zinc to zinc and phytase added and used to calculate zinc equivalency values of phytase. The models included a linear plateau response to zinc added and a linear response to phytase added. In diets without phytase, plasma and bone zinc concentrations were maximised for a dietary zinc concentration of 55 and 51 mg/kg, respectively. Over the range of 280 to 850 FTU, 100 FTU was equivalent to 1 mg of zinc as sulphate. Consequently, in a maize-soya-bean meal chicken diet formulated to contain 60 mg zinc per kg, zinc ingested, and in turn, zinc excreted may be reduced by around 10% if the diet contains 500 FTU as Natuphos R per kg.
Poultry Science, 2016
Zinc (Zn) is the most vulnerable cation to complexation with phytate. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of measurements of Zn concentration in the gastrointestinal tract as a marker to assess the anti-nutritional impact of phytate and susceptibility of phytate to phytase in broilers. Ross 308 broilers (n = 180) were fed one of 5 experimental diets with differing phytase activity levels, analyzed at 605, 1150, 1804, 3954 and 5925 U/kg. Broiler performance and Zn concentration, pH and amount of phytate hydrolyzed in the gizzard, duodenum and ileum were analyzed at d21 post hatch. Phytate susceptibility to phytase degradation was determined in vivo and in vitro by measuring total phytate-P hydrolyzed in the tract or in conditions that mimicked the tract, respectively. Phytase activity level had a significant (P < 0.05) impact on Zn concentration and phytate hydrolyzed in the gizzard and ileum, but not in the duodenum. Strong relationships were observed between the amount of phytate hydrolyzed and Zn concentration in the gizzard in birds fed the diets with 1804 U/kg or higher levels of phytase. Phytate and phytase effects could therefore potentially be evaluated by measuring Zn concentration in the gizzard. Susceptible phytate levels measured in vivo and in vitro were almost identical in the diet with phytase activity of 5925 U/kg, but in the diets with lower phytase activity levels the in vitro assay overestimated the amount of P released. There were strong relationships between in vivo susceptible phytate level and pH and amount of phytate hydrolyzed in the gizzard, duodenum and ileum and Zn concentration in the gizzard and ileum. This illustrates that phytate susceptibility directly effects mineral availability in the gastrointestinal tract. Measurements of Zn concentration in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the gizzard, can potentially be used as a marker to assess the anti-nutritional impact of phytate and susceptibility of phytate to phytase in broilers.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2016
Previous in vitro research has shown the possibility of spontaneous chelation of Zn in the presence of easily digestible protein sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible interaction between zinc (Zn) source and protein source on the in vivo Zn bioavailability in sows during late gestation that were fed adequate dietary Zn concentrations. Fifty-six sows were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatment groups during a 20-day experimental period: (1) organic Zn + soybean meal, (2) inorganic Zn + soybean meal, (3) organic Zn + hydrolysed feather meal, and (4) inorganic Zn + hydrolysed feather meal. Zinc was provided at adequate dietary Zn concentrations, in which organic Zn was added as a Zn amino acid complex and inorganic Zn as ZnO. Blood samples were collected at the start (day 1) and at the end (day 20A) of the experimental period before feeding and 3 h after feeding (day 20B) to determine plasma Zn and serum metallothionein (MT) concentration. Faecal samples were collected rectally, alternately in the morning (day 15, 17, and 19) and afternoon (day 16, 18, and 20) directly after feeding to calculate apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent Zn absorption. Neither Zn nor protein source affected Zn status (plasma Zn: P = 0.288 and P = 0.237, respectively, Serum MT: P = 0.161 and P = 0.193, respectively) or apparent Zn absorption (P = 0.360 and P = 0.527, respectively). Hydrolysed feather meal showed lower crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash digestibility compared to soybean meal (P < 0.001). Faecal Zn concentration was not affected by Zn source (P = 0.442). This study did not confirm the earlier observed in vitro effect of protein source on Zn bioavailability and shows that, at adequate levels commonly used in practice, the choice of Zn or protein source does not influence Zn status.
Animals
The effect of phytase and inorganic Zn supplementation was studied in 180 male White Pekin ducks (WPD) from 1 to 56 days of age. The birds were divided into four groups fed the same basal diet (containing 26 ppm of Zn from raw materials): the control group did not receive Zn supplementation; the second group was supplemented with 30 ppm of Zn oxide; and the third and fourth groups were fed the control and the 30 ppm diets, respectively, both supplemented with 500 U of E. coli phytase. Each group contained five replicates of nine ducks. The body weight and feed intake were recorded at 1, 28 and 56 days of age. At 56 days of age, five birds/group were used to measure feed digestibility and five other birds/group were slaughtered. Zn at 30 ppm increased the body weight gain (BWG, p < 0.01) and feed intake (p < 0.05) and improved the feed conversion (FCR, p < 0.05) of the growing ducks. The Zn retention and Zn level in the excreta increased (p < 0.01) due to Zn supplementati...