Lubricity of bio-based lubricant derived from different chemically modified fatty acid methyl ester (original) (raw)
Related papers
Performance of polymeric viscosity improver as bio-lubricant additives
International Journal of Structural Integrity, 2019
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of polymeric viscosity improver on the tribological performance of palm kernel methyl ester (PKME). Design/methodology/approach Tribological performances of the PKME added with the various concentration of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were evaluated using four-ball tribotester under extreme pressure condition. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were observed by using the optical microscope. Findings The addition of polymeric viscosity improver (EVA copolymer) has produced positive results towards the tribological properties of PKME. In total, 4 per cent of EVA copolymer is found as the optimum concentration by improving the friction reducing properties and anti-wear behaviour due to the formation of film thickness between two rubbing surfaces. Originality/value This work might contribute to the development of vegetable oils as a new source of environmental-friendly lubricant.
The production of pentaerythritol ester (PE) as food grade lubricant base oil was investigated. The properties of formulated lubricant (AWCI) and neopentyl glycol ester (NPGE) were tested - density, viscosity, total acid number, flash point, copper strip corrosion and NOACK. Wear scar diameter (WSD) and coefficient of friction (COF) were analyzed and compared to commercial lubricant (CL). AWCI which comprised of 0.15% Irgalube 349, 0.15% Irgalube TPPT, and 0.1% Irgamet 39 showed excellent lubricant properties with high flash point, low WSD and low COF at all temperatures despite its lower viscosity than the commercial lubricant, CL.
Palm Fatty Acid as a New Renewable Source for Industrial Lubricant
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2014
The sources of petroleum are being reduced from day to day and petroleum is a major source of environmental pollution. Many researchers are trying to find other alternatives, namely renewable and green energy sources to substitute the petroleum in every sector. One of the best alternative sources for petroleum is bio oils. In this paper, a comparative study of friction and wear was carried out using four balls tester. Palm Fatty Acid distillate (PFAD) and additive free paraffinic mineral oil were used as lubricants. PFAD is a product from refined crude palm oil. It exists in light brown solid at room temperature. For the wear test, the research was done with two kinds of oils under ASTM condition in which applied load is 392N. The sliding speed was 1200rpm under lubricant temperature of 75 degree Celsius. The experiment was r un for 3600 seconds. The experimental results demonstrated that the PFAD exhibited better performance in terms of friction and wear compared to paraffinic mine...
Friction and wear behavior of karanja oil derived biolubricant base oil
SN Applied Sciences
This work deals with the tribological performance of karanja oil trimethylolpropane ester (KOTMPE) biolubricant base oil for its probable application as automotive lubricant. The biolubricant was synthesized by transesterification of karanja oil methyl ester with trimethylolpropane (TMP) under acid catalyst. The study was made with Ducom TR30L four-ball tester at 1200 rev min −1 speed and 75 °C temperature over 60 min duration under normal loads of 15 kg and 40 kg as per ASTM D 4172-94 A and B standard test method. Principal results at two loads are given here: Coefficient of friction (CoF) 0.100 and 0.042, wear scar diameter (WSD) 0.30 mm and 0.44 mm, flash temperature parameter (FTP) 80.932 and 126.249, and thermal energy (TE) 0.054 J and 0.060 J, respectively. The study found that KOTMPE has lowest CoF than any vegetable oil, TMP ester or commercial lubricant. Similarly, the WSD was lowest among all the vegetable oil based lubricants and was at par with SAE 20W-50 and SAE 40 commercial lubricants. FTP was better compared to any vegetable oil or TMP ester. Finally, the energy efficiency of KOTMPE was better than that of other vegetable oils, TMP esters and mineral lubricants. The synthesized ester demonstrated the outstanding performance in terms of friction and wear characteristics along with high thermal stability and energy efficiency worthy of comparison with multiple lubricating products reported by different research groups in available literature during last two decades.
Effect of mechanical factors on tribological properties of palm oil methyl ester blended lubricant
Wear, 2000
The effects of mechanical factors viz. applied load and temperature on the tribological performance of 5% palm oil methyl ester (POME) blended lubricant were studied using a steel-cast iron pair. Wear and frictional measurements were made using a stationary steel ball and a reciprocating cast iron plate in a modified universal wear and friction testing machine. The test conditions were contact pressure, 400 MPa; mean contact velocity, 0.34 m/s; reciprocating stroke, 80 mm; loads, 100-1100 N (fixed temperature); and temperature, 40-140°C (fixed load). Wear scar surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the wear mechanisms involved. Analysis of post bench test lubricating oils was performed using an ISL viscometer and TAN/TBN analyzers to investigate the lubricating oil degradation properties. Results showed that at lower loads (up to 500 N) and temperatures (up to 100°C), the wear rates under 5% POME lubricant are lower, whereas at higher loads and temperatures, the wear rates are higher. The friction behavior of POME as an additive in commercial lubricant indicates the prevalence of the boundary lubrication regime. The viscosity test results showed that 5% POME can improve the viscosity index (VI) properties of mineral-based lubricant up to 500 N load. However, in this investigation, corrosive wear and pits on the damaged surface are the dominant wear mode at higher temperature. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. The effects of mechanical factors viz. applied load and temperature on the tribological performance of 5% palm oil methyl ester (POME) blended lubricant were studied using a steel-cast iron pair. Wear and frictional measurements were made using a stationary steel ball and a reciprocating cast iron plate in a modified universal wear and friction testing machine. The test conditions were contact pressure, 400 MPa; mean contact velocity, 0.34 m/s; reciprocating stroke, 80 mm; loads, 100-1100 N (fixed temperature); and temperature, 40-140 °C (fixed load). Wear scar surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the wear mechanisms involved. Analysis of post bench test lubricating oils was performed using an ISL viscometer and TAN/TBN analyzers to investigate the lubricating oil degradation properties. Results showed that at lower loads (up to 500 N) and temperatures (up to 100 °C), the wear rates under 5% POME lubricant are lower, whereas at higher loads and temperatures, the wear rates are higher. The friction behavior of POME as an additive in commercial lubricant indicates the prevalence of the boundary lubrication regime. The viscosity test results showed that 5% POME can improve the viscosity index (VI) properties of mineral-based lubricant up to 500 N load. However, in this investigation, corrosive wear and pits on the damaged surface are the dominant wear mode at higher temperature. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164800003197#
Vegetable-based biodegradable lubricating oil additives
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 2003
Recently, much effort has been focused on research and development of new types of lubricating oil additives to reduce wear and friction in the tribological systems. It has been noted that the use of additives to improve the lubricating capacity and durability of oil plays an important role in the wear and friction process of materials, Due to the environmental problems, many researchers are embarking on the viability of the vegetable-based lubricants, In this article a critical review has been made on vegetable-based lubricant additives with specific properties and application. This article explains the advantages and manufacturing processes of vegetable-based oils, which will give a better understanding of using biodegradable lubricating oil additives. A case study on palm oil methyl ester as an additive has been presented in this paper. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0036-8792&volume=55&issue=3&articleid=874623&show=pdf
Modifications Required for Palm Oil to be Qualified as a Mechanical Lubricant
International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering
Adaptation of apt chemical modifications and incorporation of suitable additives, especially, nano-additives, could improve the properties of bio-lubricants derived from palm oil. This makes it one of the best alternatives to mineral oil lubricants. Possible chemical modifications are hydrogenation, esterification/ transesterification, epoxidation and metathesis. Feasible additives and nano-additives available in the market for minimizing the drawbacks of palm oil as a lubricant are ionic liquids, phosphorus, sulphur, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate, metal, metal oxides, metal sulphides, carbonates, borates, carbon materials, organic materials, hexagonal boron nitride, alumina, CaO, CuO, ZnO, TiO2 and lanthanum borates. Few of them may not be environmental friendly. In line with market potentials and demand, it could be predicted that ROI of funding for the research and development of palm oil as a bio-lubricant may be significantly high. The study addresses tribological performance an...
Journal of Oleo Science, 2015
INTRODUCTION Lubricant base stocks in the market primarily comprise mineral oil-based, polyalphaolefins PAO , polyalkylene glycols PAG and other petrochemical origin synthetic esters 1. Lubricant finished products applied in automotive, industry, marine etc. typically contain approximately 70-99 of base stocks in its formulations. The world lubricant consumption was 38.7 million metric tons in 2012 2 while Freedonia Group, US estimated the lubricant consumption growth rate to be at 2.5 per year having 42.3 million metric tons in 2017 3. Conversely, the biodegradable lubricant usage in the European market was estimated only 121,796 tons in 2006 4. Due to the potential environmental impact by these lubricant oils, environmental friendly nature biodegradable lubricant base stocks are essential as the substitute of the currently predominant non-biodegradable mineral-based base stocks, especially for those
TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF REFINED, BLEACHED AND DEODORISED PALM OLEIN BLENDS BIO-LUBRICANTS
JOURNAL OF OIL PALM RESEARCH, 2016
Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum lubricants due to their environmental-friendly characteristics and have become a vital source of bio-lubricants. In the investigation of the tribological characteristics of palm oil as the vegetable oil, using in its neat form or as partial bio-lubricants, a reciprocating machine was employed. Initially, refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm olein with mineral oil blends were optimised using the design of experiments procedure from the outcomes of the four ball tribotester. The optimised blend was found to have characteristics that were better or at par with mineral oil. Then, a reciprocating machine was used for verifying the blend. In the investigation of the optimised blend, the sample was tested for a total of 60 hr in intermittent operation. Other than having similar viscosity for the ISO requirements, the optimised blend demonstrates decreased in the values of material weight loss and cylinder temperatures as compared with mineral oil. Finally, it is concluded that the RBD palm olein blend (E53.11/RB46.89) could be a potential partial bio-lubricant due to having no negative impact on wear and decent performance as a bio-lubricator.
Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 2007
In light of diminishing natural resources, global climatic change and increased environmental sensitivity, renewable-based lubricants are being considered potential alternatives to petroleum-based lubricants. Understanding the tribological performance of vegetable-based lubricants in relation to their chemical composition is essential for their industrial implementation. This study focuses on the friction and abrasion rate characteristics of soybean and sunflower oils in comparison to a base mineral oil under sliding wear at ambient conditions for various applied loads. It was found that the abrasion rate and friction were the least severe for the soybean, followed by the sunflower oil. The observed trends were attributed to differences in their fatty acid compositions, in particular, a lower percentage of linoleic and oleic acids within the soybean oil.