Evaluation of the use of CALUX results for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs analysis for quantitative human exposure assessments (original) (raw)
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Talanta, 2004
European legislation laid down maximum tolerable levels of dioxin in feed and food as well as analytical method requirements. In order to face with large monitoring programs, it was foreseen in the EU strategy to integrate screening methods, using either a qualitative (screening) approach, or a quantitative approach. In this study, dioxin results obtained using the Dioxin Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (DR-CALUX®) cell-based assay (quantitative approach), were compared with gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) analyses data. Instead of using World Health Organization–toxic equivalent factor (WHO–TEF), the comparison was based on the assessment of relative effective potencies (REPs) for each congener of the 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCBs). According to published data, DR-CALUX®-REP evaluated here appear similar to WHO–TEF for PCDD/Fs while lower values were observed for DL-PCBs.We analyzed two “home made” contaminated fat samples, displaying both the same WHO–toxic equivalent quantities (WHO–TEQ) concentration (12 pg WHO–TEQ g−1). They were spiked with either a low or a high amount of DL-PCBs. In both cases, the DR-CALUX® measured concentration (picogram 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) eq. g−1) corresponded to the PCDD/Fs WHO–TEQ concentration only. A good agreement was nevertheless found between the DR-CALUX® measurements and the recalculated DR-CALUX®-TEQ contents (using DR-CALUX®-REP instead of WHO–TEF), demonstrating that the observed response was due, in both cases, to the addition of the responses of the standards added to the fat. By contrast, in real contaminated samples (feed or cod liver samples), DR-CALUX® measured concentrations were similar to WHO–TEQ GC–HRMS measured concentrations. But, depending on the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs congener content, the DR-CALUX® measured concentrations were either lower or higher than calculated DR-CALUX®-TEQ contents, demonstrating that possible co-extracted contaminants contributed to the CALUX response.Owing to these divergences, the quantitative determination of dioxin-like content in food and feed using CALUX as screening method is questionable, except for samples displaying constant congener patterns, in which cases, correction factors could be applied.
Toxicology Letters, 2004
Data on occurrence of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [PCDDs] and dibenzofurans [PCDFs]), dioxin-like PCBs (polychlorinated non-ortho and mono-ortho biphenyls) and non-dioxin-like PCBs (as represented by the so-called indicator-PCBs: congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) in food products consumed in The Netherlands that were collected in measurement programs carried out during 1998 and 1999, and combined with food consumption data to assess the dietary intake of these persistent food contaminants.
Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 2017
The aim of this study was to assess levels of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (DL-PCBs) in food of animal origin produced in the Netherlands, including potential trends in time. Test results from about 2500 samples of animal derived food products (beef, veal, lamb, chicken, pork, deer, milk and eggs), sampled for the National Residue Monitoring Plan from 2001-2011, were evaluated. Most samples were screened with a bioassay and, if suspected, analysed by GC-HRMS. The fraction of samples which were non-compliant with European maximum levels was rather low, being below 1% for most food products, except for lamb. Exceedance of action levels was particularly observed for lamb and beef. To obtain an insight into background levels, a randomly taken part of the samples was directly analysed by GC-HRMS. In general, only minor decreases in mean PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations could be observed for the per...
Talanta, 2004
Interlaboratory comparsion exercises on the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three natural foodstuffs have been performed annually since 2000 by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Up to 77 laboratories from 24 countries world-wide have reported results. The data have been statistically analysed in order to assess the comparability of both the reported individual congener concentrations and the calculated toxic equivalents (TEQ). Due to the low concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in food, the treatment of congeners reported as "not detected" and the identification of outliers, influence the estimation of the consensus values considerably. Based on the experiences from the first two rounds, an approach for calculation of the consensus values was established, resulting in a non-skewed distribution of data. The relative standard deviation of consensus TEQs was 13-32% for PCDDs/PCDFs and 11-45% for PCBs. Z-scores were calculated for PCDD/PCDF-TEQs using a target value of ±20% for the deviation. For food samples with a PCDD/PCDF contamination of more than half of the EU maximum level, 63-87% of the participants achieved Z-scores ±1, while for low contaminated foodstuffs about 60% of the participants had Z-scores of ±2. After four rounds of interlaboratory comparisons it can be concluded that there is a good comparability of the analytical data for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food at higher contamination levels. However, the laboratories need to improve their performance when determining levels in food with low contamination of dioxin-like compounds, due to the increasing demand for analyses of such food items. The importance of determining dioxin-like PCBs is demonstrated by their large contribution to the total TEQ, especially in food from the marine environment.
Journal of Food Science, 2021
Dietary intake of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) from various foods (fish and seafood, meat and meat-based products, milk and dairy products, hen eggs, olive oil and fats) was investigated for various sex/age groups of the Italian population. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs and their contribution to total TEQ values varied depending on food matrix. Fish (0.50 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet weight) and seafood (0.16 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet weight) showed the highest mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs, followed by meat (1.70 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight), meat based products (1.03 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight), milk and dairy products (0.78 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight), hen eggs (0.71 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight), fats (0.27 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight) and olive oil (0.09 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight). In all samples WHO-TEQ PCDD/F plus dl-PCB concentrations fulfilled the European Union food law, except in pork loin samples (1.39 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid weight). Differences in exposure depending on the sex/age groups (children > teenagers > adults > elders) and hypotheses considered (lower bound and upper bound) were encountered. Non-cancer risk values showed a low exposure. Carcinogenicity risk results revealed that highly exposed individuals were distributed over all sex/age groups, even though the proportion of individuals exceeding the safe limit was higher in children. These data once again underline the importance of trying to control the levels of these contaminants in fishery products, particularly in fish, who represents one of the main exposure sources for consumers. Practical Application: This paper may help the consumer in making food choices to minimize the exposure risk to dioxins, furans and PCBs K E Y W O R D S diet, dl-PCBs, food safety, PCDD/Fs, public health This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Validation and use of the CALUX‐bioassay for the determination of dioxins and PCBs in bovine milk
Food Additives and Contaminants, 1998
There is a strong need for the development of relatively cheap and rapid bioassays for the determination of dioxins and related compounds in food. A newly developed CALUX (Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene expression) bioassay was tested for its possible use to determine low levels of dioxins in bovine milk. Data show that this mammalian cell-based test is very sensitive for 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and related PCBs, thereby reflecting the relative potencies of these compounds in comparison to TCDD (TEF-values). The limit of detection was about 50 fg of TCDD. Furthermore, the response obtained with a mixture of dioxins was additive, in accordance with the TEFprinciple. Milk fat was isolated by centrifugation followed by clean-up of the fat with n-pentane, removal of the fat on a 33% H 2 SO 4 silica column, and determination of Ah receptor agonist activity with the CALUX-bioassay. An equivalent of 67 mg fat was tested per experimental unit, resulting in a limit of quantification around 1 pg i-TEQ/g fat. To investigate the performance of the method, butter fat was cleaned and spiked with a mixture of 17 different 2, 3,7,8substituted PCDD and PCDF congeners at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 pg TEQ/g fat, as confirmed by GC/MS. In this concentration range, the method showed a recovery of TEQs around 67% (58-87%). The reproducibility, determined in three independent series showed a CV varying between 4% and 54%, with the exception of the sample spiked at 1 pg i-TEQ (CV 97%). The repeatability determined with the sample spiked at 6pg i-TEQ/g showed a CV of 10%. Testing of 22 bovine milk samples, taken at different sites in The Netherlands, in the CALUX-assay showed combined dioxin and dioxin-like PCB levels equivalent to 1.6 pg TCDD/g fat (range 0.2-4.6). GC/MS analysis of these samples revealed an average level of 1.7 pg i-TEQ/g fat, varying between 0.5 and 4.7 pg i-TEQ/g fat. All five samples showing a GC/MS determined dioxin content of more than 2 pg i-TEQ/g fat gave a response in the CALUX-assay corresponding to more than 2 pg TCDD/g fat. These data clearly show that the CA-LUX-bioassay is a promising method for the rapid and low cost screening of dioxins in bovine milk.
TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 1999
In the last few years there have been promising developments in the analysis of PCBs and dioxins in foodstuffs and biological tissues. To provide useful tools for less expensive routine analyses in regulatory practice and largescale ¢eld studies, alternative extraction techniques (e.g. ASE, MASE, SFE), automated LC clean-up systems, MDGC and less expensive MS systems have been introduced. In addition, bioanalytical methods have improved considerably in sensitivity and selectivity to the extent that they can be used as screening methods to determine the total quantity of dioxin-like compounds. z1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Dietary exposure to non-dioxin-like PCBs of different population groups in Austria
Chemosphere, 2015
The dietary exposure to the sum of the six indicator PCBs (Σ6 PCBs; PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) across different Austrian population groups was assessed in this study by combining data on occurrence from food of the Austrian market (n=157) analysed during 2006-2011 with national food consumption data. The most contaminated food group was meat, poultry, game and offal with average levels of ndl-PCBs of 5.20ngg(-1) fat. In fish and fish products and eggs, mean concentrations of 3.89ngg(-1) fresh weight (fw) and 4.00ngg(-1) fat, respectively, were found. In milk and dairy products average concentrations ranged from 3.07 to 4.44ngg(-1) fat. The mean dietary intake of Σ6 PCBs was estimated to be 3.37ngkg(-1)bwd(-1) for children (6-15years old), 3.19ngkg(-1)bwd(-1) for women (19-65years) and 2.64ngkg(-1)bwd(-1) for men (19-65years). In all three population groups, milk and dairy products was the major contributing food group to the total dietary intake (50-55%) followed by fish an...