Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ): A scale for alcohol craving in normal controls and alcoholics (original) (raw)
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Psychometric Properties of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1999
Background This study introduces the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), which has been used in several clinical trials at the University of Pennsylvania's Treatment Research Center. The PACS is a five-item, self-report measure that includes questions about the frequency, intensity, and duration of craving, the ability to resist drinking, and asks for an overall rating of craving for alcohol for the previous week. Each question is scaled from 0 to 6.
Mechanisms of alcohol craving and their clinical implications
Recent developments in alcoholism : an official publication of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism, the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the National Council on Alcoholism, 1998
Craving for alcohol is frequently given as a reason for drinking and is often used as a surrogate measure in studies of alcoholism and its treatment. Despite this wide use, there is little consensus on what craving for alcohol means, the best way to measure it, what mechanism accounts for the urge to drink, or what is its true relationship to alcohol use. This chapter reviews theoretical and measurement issues about the possible mechanisms involved in craving for alcohol and the clinical implications of evidence supporting them. Until recently, most instruments for assessing craving assumed it was a univariate construct and usually contained only one or a few items. Several multi-item and multidimensional rating instruments have now been developed that offer the promise of more useful assessment of clinically relevant behavior. Most models of craving have assumed that a consistent and positive relationship exists between craving and drinking. The incentive sensitization model and th...
Addiction, 2005
Aims The goal of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ). Design and participants The German version of the ACQ was administered to a sample of 243 alcohol-dependent or alcohol-abusing subjects. A subgroup of the sample (n = 46) completed the German translation of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) and the ACQ a second time. Measurements To validate the factor models, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were carried out. Examination of the psychometric properties of the ACQ included the analysis of the item characteristics to exclude non-sensitive items, an exploratory factor analysis of the remaining items and calculation of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity. Findings Neither of the two models showed a satisfactory correspondence. An exploratory factor analysis of a revised version of the ACQ (ACQ-R), based on the psychometric properties of the items, revealed two stable factors ('urge and intention to drink alcohol' and 'reinforcement') with high internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity. The model fit was also excellent in the CFA. Conclusions The ACQ-R is a reliable and valid instrument to assess alcohol craving. However, the ACQ-R lacks items related to loss of control. Therefore a multi-dimensional assessment, e.g. the combination of the ACQ-R and the OCDS, is recommended.
Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2006
Determination of alcoholic subtypes is a promising strategy for patient treatment matching with anti-craving interventions. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a questionnaire on drinking motives that can distinguish relief and reward drinkers. Methods: A 103-item self-report questionnaire was developed: the Amsterdam Motives for Drinking Scale (AMDS). The AMDS was tested in two samples of alcoholics (Sample A: n = 251; Sample B: n = 197). The psychometric properties were examined in Sample A and cross-validated in B. Results: The AMDS consists of a relief scale and a reward scale, both containing distinct subscales. All (sub)scales had good internal consistency. However, the relief and reward scales were highly correlated (Sample A: r = 0.84, P < 0.01; Sample B: r = 0.76, P < 0.01), and convergent and divergent validity was only partly confirmed. The lowest correlations were found between the relief subscale 'stress and vulnerability' and the reward subscale 'stimulation seeking' (Sample A: r = 0.33, P < 0.01; Sample B: r = 0.13, P > 0.01). Conclusions: The AMDS reliably measures two types of motives. However, the relief and reward scales are highly correlated. Lower correlations were found only at the subscale level. It is concluded that most treatmentseeking alcoholics have both relief and reward motives. More research is needed on the relationship between motives for drinking and other phenotypic, endophenotypic and genetic indicators of relief and reward drinking, and appropriate cutoff points. Only than we can draw firm conclusions regarding the potential of drinking motives for patient treatment matching.
Craving sensation in the assessment of alcohol-dependent persons
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction, 2016
The aim of the study was to determine the level of craving in alcohol-dependent subjects, as well as the age and gender-related differences in its occurrence. The correlations between the feeling of craving and the variables that affect its occurrence, such as the need for reward, the desire for relief, or obsessive thoughts about drinking and compulsive behaviours were also analysed. Methods: The study was conducted in a group of 220 subjects, including 110 men and 110 women diagnosed with alcohol dependence syndrome (F10.2). The study was carried out in the third week of therapy, with the use of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS-hd), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ). Results: No gender-related differences in the level of experienced craving and coping with it were found. However, numerous age-related differences in the prevalence of craving were observed. Younger subjects, in comparison to older ones, are characterised by more frequent occurrence of this symptom. The intensity and duration of craving sensations are also higher in the younger group. Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology.
The Role of Craving in Alcohol Use, Dependence, and Treatment
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2001
This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 RSA Meeting in Denver, Colorado. The organizer and chair was Barbara A. Flannery, and the co-chairs were Barbara A. Flannery and Helen Pettinati. The presentations were (1) Animal models of alcohol craving and relapse, by Amanda Roberts;
Psychometric properties of the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire in alcohol use disorder
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
Objectives: We aimed to develop the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire (TCTQ), which assesses the propensity of specific situations and contexts to trigger craving and to test its psychometric properties in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods: This study included a sample of 111 AUD outpatients. We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and calculated item-dimension correlations. Internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Construct validity was assessed through Spearman correlations with craving, emotional symptoms, impulsivity, mindfulness, and drinking characteristics. Results: The EFA suggested a 3-factor solution: unpleasant affect, pleasant affect, and cues and related thoughts. Cronbach's coefficient alpha ranged from .80 to .95 for the three factors and the total score. Weak positive correlations were identified between the TCTQ and drinking outcomes, and moderate correlation were found between the TCTQ and craving strength, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and impact of alcohol on quality of life. Conclusions: The 3-factor structure is congruent with the well-established propensity of emotions and cues to trigger craving. Construct validity is supported by close relations between the TCTQ and psychological well-being rather than between the TCTQ and drinking behaviors. Longitudinal validation is warranted to assess sensitivity to change of the TCTQ and to explore its psychometric properties in other addictive disorders.
A principal components analysis of the abbreviated Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ)
Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2010
The aim of this study was to examine the abbreviated Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ) with respect to component structure and concurrent validity. The DAQ was administered to 2,960 adults participating in the Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcohol. Rotated principal components analysis was conducted on 1,500 subjects with an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and on 1,460 non-AUD subjects. Total DAQ scores were compared for these two subsamples. In addition, correlations were computed between DAQ scores and the following: (1) a sum of alcohol symptoms, and (2) endorsement of a single interview craving question. Similar solutions emerged in the AUD and non-AUD subsamples, with dimensions characterized by (1) strong desires/intentions to drink, (2) negative reinforcement, and (3) positive reinforcement + ability to control drinking. Each component was significantly correlated with the alcohol symptom scale in both subsamples (r(s) = .25-.64 and .31-.40, respectively, p < ....
Comparison of three models of alcohol craving in young adults: a cross-validation
Addiction, 2004
Aims The aim of study 1 was to develop a three-factor Approach and Avoidance of Alcohol Questionnaire (AAAQ), designed to assess mild and intense inclinations to drink, as well as inclinations to avoid drinking. The aims of study 2 were to cross-validate the AAAQ with an independent sample and to test the goodness-of-fit of three models of craving for alcohol: (a) the traditional unidimensional model; (b) a two-dimensional, approach–avoidance ambivalence model; and (c) an expanded two-dimensional neuroanatomical model that retains avoidance, while positing a threshold that partitions approach into two distinct levels and relates all three factors involved in craving to brain pathways associated with inhibitory processes, reward and obsessive–compulsive behaviour, respectively.Design, setting and participants The survey was administered to 589 Australian university students (69% women) in study 1 and to 523 American university students (64% women) in study 2.Measurements Inclinations to drink and to not drink (AAAQ), drinking behaviour (quantity and frequency), drinking problems (Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test; YAAPST) and readiness for change (Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale; SOCRATES).Findings The expanded two-dimensional neuroanatomical model provided the best fit to the data. The AAAQ explained a substantial proportion of the variance in drinking frequency (41–53%), drinking quantity (49–60%) and drinking problems (43%). AAAQ profiles differed as a function of drinking-related risk, and the three AAAQ scales differentially predicted readiness for change.Conclusions Approach and avoidance inclinations toward alcohol are separable constructs, and their activation may not be invariably reciprocal. Craving can be defined as the relative activation of substance-related response inclinations along these two primary dimensions. There may be a threshold of intensity that separates mild from intense approach inclinations.