Smoking and psychiatric disorders: a comorbidity survey (original) (raw)
Related papers
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2012
Background: Previous research has indicated a strong association of smoking with depression and anxiety disorders, but the direction of the relationship is uncertain. Most research has been done in general population samples. We investigated the effect of smoking and nicotine dependence on the severity and course of depressive and anxiety symptoms in psychiatric patients. Methods: Data came from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) including participants with a current diagnosis of depression and/or an anxiety disorder (N = 1725). The course of smoking status and symptoms of depression, general anxiety, social anxiety, and agoraphobia were measured at baseline and after one and two years. Age, gender, education, alcohol use, physical activity, and negative life events were treated as covariates. Results: At baseline, the symptoms of depression, general anxiety, and agoraphobia were more severe in nicotine-dependent smokers than in never-smokers, former smokers, and non-dependent smokers. These differences remained after adjusting for covariates. Smaller differences were observed for severity of social anxiety which were no longer significant after controlling for covariates. Over a two-year followup, the improvement of depressive and anxiety symptoms was slower in nicotine-dependent smokers than in the other groups even after controlling for covariates. There were no differences between the groups in the course of symptoms of social anxiety and agoraphobia over time. Conclusions: In psychiatric patients, smoking is associated with higher severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and with slower recovery, but only when smokers are nicotine-dependent.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2004
Background: Evidence suggests that nicotine-dependent smokers are at increased risk for psychiatric comorbidity but general population data that included the number of nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms according to DSM-IV, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), somatoform disorders and the number of psychiatric diagnoses are rare. The goal of the present study was to analyse relationships of smoking and nicotine dependence with psychiatric disease and whether psychiatric disease predicts the sustaining of smoking after three years. Methods: Cohort study with a random adult population sample in a northern German region (N = 4075) including a baseline measurement of ever daily smokers aged 18-64 (n = 2458), a first follow-up of the current smokers at baseline (n = 1552) after 30 months and a second follow-up after 36 months. Measures included DSM-IV diagnoses by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, FTND, smoking cessation by interview. Results: Current daily smokers showed higher odds of a substance use disorder other than nicotine dependence compared with never smokers (odds ratio, OR, 4.6; confidence interval, CI, 2.9-7.2), affective (OR 1.8; CI 1.4-2.5), anxiety (OR 1.6; CI 1.2-2.0) or somatoform disorder (OR 1.4; CI 1.0-1.8). DSM-IV nicotine dependence and the FTND were positively related with the number of psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatric comorbidity did not predict the maintenance of smoking or quitting. Conclusions: Findings of increased rates of mental disorders among smokers and nicotine-dependent smokers in the adult general population are supported by this study. The number of nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms are related to mental disorders. In addition, somatoform disorders show relationships with smoking similar to relationships with depressive or anxiety disorders. The intention to stop smoking should be proactively supported among these comorbid patients.
European Psychiatry, 2008
Smoking is reported to be associated with depression and anxiety. The present study (a) examines these associations taking comorbidity into account, (b) investigates possible confounders, (c) examines how former smokers compared to current and never-smokers in terms of anxiety and depression, and if anxiety and depression decline by time since cessation. Participants (66%) aged 20–89 years in a population-based health
Prevalence of Smoking in Anxiety Disorders Uncomplicated by Comorbid Alcohol or Substance Abuse
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2000
This study examined the point prevalence of smoking in patients with anxiety disorders who do not have comorbid alcohol or substance abuse or dependence (ASAD). In a retrospective chart review, the smoking status of 581 patients with anxiety disorders was assessed. Patients, ages 18-65, were seeking treatment for anxiety disorders at an outpatient clinic that specialized in anxiety and related disorders. All participants were interviewed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-IV, during which their smoking status was assessed. The prevalence of smoking across all anxiety disorders was 14.8%, which is much lower than found in the general population (23.3%; CDC, 2002) and even lower than previous estimates in individuals with comorbid anxiety and ASAD. Individuals with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder had the highest prevalence of smoking, although these rates were still considerably lower than those found in previous studies of smokers with anxiety disorders. Reasons for lower prevalence estimates are discussed.
Anxiety and depressive symptoms among smokers: a population study
2004
Background: Smoking prevalence is higher among psychiatric patients than general population. However, some investigations suggest there is a significant association between smoking and mental disorder in people without having a definite diagnosis for mental disorder dwelling in communities. Aim: To examine the association between nicotine regular use and anxiety and depressive symptoms in general population in the City of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: A representative sample of 1180 persons, 11 years of age and older, was studied. We defined smokers, those who smoke everyday during last month. Zung's scales for anxiety and depression were applied for rating anxious and depressive symptoms. Confounding was controlled by binomial regression. Results: Smoking prevalence was 18.1%. We observed a statistical association after controlling confounders between smoking and clinically important depressive symptoms (PR 1.69, CI 95% 1.32-2.17). However, we did not find any association between smoking and anxious symptoms. Conclusion: Smoking may be a symptom of depressive disorder in this population. Further investigations are needed about causal relation between smoking and depression. [Campo-Arias A, Díaz LA, Ruega GE. Anxiety and depressive symptoms among smokers:
Smoking behaviors across anxiety disorders
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2004
The purpose of this study was to test the theory put forth by Zvolensky et al. [Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 10 (2003) 29] that smoking is specifically associated with panic disorder (PD) and not more generally associated with other anxiety disorders. Smoking behaviors were examined across three anxiety disorders: panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia (SP), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A greater proportion of the PD group (40.4%) reported smoking compared to the SP (20%) and OCD (22.4%) groups. Those in the PD group were also more likely than those in the other groups to report being a heavy smoker (greater than 10 cigarettes daily). No significant interaction between diagnosis and smoking status was found for any of the symptom measures. However, participants who smoked had significantly higher scores than nonsmokers on a number of scales, including measures of depression, general anxiety, and distress. Differences in anxiety sensitivity between smokers and nonsmokers approached significance. These findings provide support for Zvolensky et al.'s [Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 10 (2003) 29] theoretical conceptualization and suggest a specific link between smoking and panic disorder. Further investigation is warranted to determine the causal direction of this association. #
Background The aim of this study was to compare the risk for mental health disorders between smokers and non-smokers and to assess the risk for depression and anxiety according to addiction severity. Methods This cross-sectional study assesses the mental health status and relationship with the severity of nicotine addiction in a sample of smokers admitted to Pamukkale University Hospital Smoking Cessation Clinic (n = 101) from 1 June 2012 to 31 August 2012 compared to a group of non-smokers from the general population (n = 101). We conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews to collect sociodemographic data; we assessed the participants’ mental health status with the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and we measured nicotine addiction severity with the Fagerström Test. Results The risk for mental illness reported by smokers based on the GHQ-12 was significantly higher than that for non-smokers (p = 0.001). The anxiety and depression scores according to HADS were higher among smokers (16.8% and 22.8%, respectively) than non-smokers (4.0% and 5.0%, respectively) (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively). The nicotine addiction severity was higher in smokers with higher anxiety and depression scores (p = 0.008). Conclusions We found high scores for mental illness in treatment-seeking smokers compared with non-smokers. The risk for anxiety and depression was higher among smokers. Increased nicotine addiction severity was associated with increased risk for mental illness and increased scores of anxiety and depression.
Journal of Addictions Nursing, 2020
This study aims to estimate the prevalence of smokers living in Brazil who use outpatient and hospital psychiatric services and outpatient services in primary health care services. It also aims to identify the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with current smoking in these samples. This is a cross-sectional study with 378 participants from a Brazilian city: P1, persons from the mental health outpatient service; and P2, persons from the psychiatric hospital; P3, general population from the primary healthcare center. A Poisson multiple regression model for current smoking was adjusted. The prevalence of smokers was greater in the psychiatric population than those in the primary health care population (mental health outpatient service = 27%, psychiatric hospital = 60.3%, primary healthcare center = 19%). Current smoking is associated with younger groups (15–29 years old: PRadjusted = 3.35; 30–39 years old: PRadjusted = 2.28), Roman Catholicism (PRadjusted = 1.60), not ha...
Tobacco Induced Diseases, 2014
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the risk for mental health disorders between smokers and non-smokers and to assess the risk for depression and anxiety according to addiction severity. Methods: This cross-sectional study assesses the mental health status and relationship with the severity of nicotine addiction in a sample of smokers admitted to Pamukkale University Hospital Smoking Cessation Clinic (n = 101) from 1 compared to a group of non-smokers from the general population (n = 101). We conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews to collect sociodemographic data; we assessed the participants' mental health status with the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and we measured nicotine addiction severity with the Fagerström Test. Results: The risk for mental illness reported by smokers based on the GHQ-12 was significantly higher than that for non-smokers (p = 0.001). The anxiety and depression scores according to HADS were higher among smokers (16.8% and 22.8%, respectively) than non-smokers (4.0% and 5.0%, respectively) (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively). The nicotine addiction severity was higher in smokers with higher anxiety and depression scores (p = 0.008).