Adad-šumu-uṣur and his Family in the Service of Assyrian Kings, In Petr Charvát – Petra Maříková Vlčková (eds.), Who was king? Who was not king? - The Rulers and the Ruled in the Ancient Near East. Prague : Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2010, pp. 113–130. (original) (raw)
A History of A History of Babylonia and Assyria
Babylonia and Assyria were two of the greatest nations the history of mankind has brought forth. These two great Mesopotamian civilizations were best known for their massive armies and instruments of war. This is not surprising, since they were rarely at peace with one another. They were, however, heavily influenced by each other, as well as their predecessors, the Sumerians. Much of what we taken for granted today, the arts and science of industry and invention, were bequeathed to us from these ancient cultures. This two-volume series is remarkable in that it offers an exceedingly comprehensive and detailed looked at ancient Babylonia and Assyria. The way in which these reference works were compiled and written will bring noteworthy enjoyment for the curious reader. These two volumes are based mostly on the archaeological discoveries of the late 19th Century, and are well-referenced and cited with footnotes from that period. As a result, much of what they have to say is timeless, in a sense, because of nature of how the information is presented. For example, randomly thumbing through this 900 page tome and stopping to read a passage will normally result in the reader being completely preoccupied in whatever annals of history is being revealed. As a professor of ancient Oriental literature at Princeton University at the turn of the twentieth century, professor Robert William Rogers provides a competent perspective concerning the past history of Babylonia and Assyria. This book was skillfully written from the author’s vast scholarship and understanding on these subjects. Volume two examines the beginnings of the Assyrian empire, its trials and tribulations, and how it eventually held authority over the Babylonians. The author reveals in meticulous detail each of the kingships as well as the accompanying wars, revolts and rebellions. A considerable amount of space is devoted to the reigns of specific Assyrian kings, including Asshurnazirpal, Shalmaneser, Asshurnirari, Sargon, and many others. Throughout these Assyrian king’s regimes many new cities were founded, and others destroyed, along the banks for the Euphrates river. Also included is a detailed record on the noteworthy conquests, tributes, and building projects of each kingship. This volume also covers the reign of Sennacherib, who ascended to the throne after the mysterious death of Sargon II in 705 B.C.E. As was the case many times with kings in ancient Assyria, Sennacherib was assassinated, leaving his son, Esarhaddon the legal heir to the throne. We owe a great deal of thanks to the next king, Asshurbanapal, for he was devoted to the collection of books in the form of clay tablets. He took great care that his deeds and his wars, his buildings and his very thoughts and hope, should be carefully written down. During his reign it was obvious that the Assyrian empire had started to collapse. Asshurbanapal’s death in 626 B.C.E., began a new revolt by the Babylonians, who, with the help of the Meades,* were finally able to subdue their long-time rivals. This two-volume set concludes with a brief history of the Chaldean empire, whose most famous king, Nebuchadnezzar, helped restore Babylon to its former glory.
NY - Charles Scribner Sons - UNIVERSITY Press- John Wilson And Son's - CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A., 1902
is a rare and insightful work that delves into the rich and complex history of ancient Babylon. Published in the early 20th century, this scholarly volume provides a comprehensive account of Babylonian civilization, tracing its origins, development, and influence over the millennia. Goodspeed meticulously explores the political, social, and cultural aspects of Babylon, from its early foundations and the rise of its empire to its eventual decline and legacy. The book offers a detailed examination of key historical figures, monumental achievements, and the socio-economic structures that defined Babylonian life. Goodspeed's work is notable for its thorough analysis of Babylon's contributions to science, literature, and law, including the famed Code of Hammurabi. Through a meticulous review of archaeological findings, historical records, and contemporary scholarly interpretations, Goodspeed presents a nuanced and authoritative narrative of one of history's most influential civilizations. This rare volume is indispensable for historians, archaeologists, and scholars interested in ancient Mesopotamia, providing an in-depth understanding of how Babylon shaped the ancient world and its lasting impact on subsequent cultures INTRODUCTION PART I: THE CITY-STATES OF BABYLONIA AND THEIR UNIFICATION • The Lands of the Euphrates and Tigris - Page 3 • The Excavations in Babylonia and Assyria - Page 14 • The Language and Literature - Page 25 • Chronology and History - Page 35 • The City States of Babylonia and Their Unification Under Babylon to 2000 B.C. • I. Dawn of History - Page 49 • II. Movements Toward Expansion and Unification - Page 59 • III. Civilization of Old Babylonia: Political and Social - Page 69 • IV. Civilization of Old Babylonia: Literature, Science, Art, and Religion - Page 86 • V. The Times of Khammurabi of Babylon, 2300-2100 B.C. - Page 95 PART II: THE RISE OF ASSYRIA AND ITS STRUGGLES WITH BABYLONIA • The Kassite Conquest of Babylonia and the Appearance of Assyria, 2000-1500 B.C. - Page 121 • The Early Conflicts of Babylonia and Assyria, 1500-1150 B.C. - Page 131 • Civilization and Culture in the Kassite Period - Page 143 • The Times of Tiglath-pileser I, 1100 B.C. - Page 155 PART III: THE ASCENDANCY OF ASSYRIA • The Ancient World at the Beginning of the First Millennium, 1000 B.C. - Page 185 • and the Conquest of Mesopotamia, 885-860 B.C. - Page 203 • The Advance into Syria and the Rise of Urartu: From Shalmaneser II to the Fall of His House, 860-745 B.C. - Page 223 • The Assyrian Revival: Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser IV, 745-722 B.C. - Page 265 • The Assyrian Empire at Its Height: Sargon II, 722-705 B.C. - Page 285 • The Struggle for Imperial Unity: Sennacherib, 705-681 B.C. - Page 293 • Imperial Expansion and Division: Esarhaddon, 681-668 B.C. - Page 305 • The Last Days of Splendor: Ashurbanipal, 668-626 B.C. - Page 317 • The Fall of Assyria, 626-606 B.C. - Page 327 PART IV: THE NEW BABYLONIAN (OR CHALDEAN) EMPIRE • The Heirs of Assyria and the Rise of Babylon - Page 337 • Nebuchadnezzar and His Successors - Page 351 • Babylon Under the Chaldeans - Page 365 • The Fall of Babylon - Page 377 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY - Page 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY - Page 393 INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS - Page 405 INDEX OF OLD TESTAMENT REFERENCES - Page 422 Frontispiece: The World of Oriental Antiquity Plans of Nineveh and Babylon - Opposite page 278 Tags Ancient History, Babylonian Empire, Assyrian Civilization, Mesopotamian Culture, Euphrates River, Tigris River, Cuneiform Script, Code of Hammurabi, Sumerian Myths, Akkadian Legends, Neo-Babylonian Dynasty, Chaldean Kings, Sumerian Religion, Babylonian Astronomers, Assyrian Art, Mesopotamian Gods, Babylonian Mathematics, Assyrian Military Tactics, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Ancient Near East, Akkadian Language, Mesopotamian Trade, Babylonian Science, Assyrian Architecture, Sumerian Inventions, Babylonian Law Codes, Assyrian Kings, Chaldean Astronomers, Mesopotamian Myths, Babylonian Magic, Assyrian Reliefs, Sumerian Temples, Babylonian Economy, Assyrian Historical Records, Mesopotamian Agriculture, Sumerian Kings, Babylonian Legends, Assyrian Empire Collapse, Mesopotamian Rituals, Akkadian Myths, Babylonian Cultural Practices, Assyrian Conquests, Sumerian Writing Systems, Mesopotamian Beliefs, Babylonian Calendars, Assyrian Tablets, Chaldean Priests, Sumerian Economy, Mesopotamian History, Babylonian Inscriptions, Assyrian Warfare, Sumerian Music, Chaldean Astronomy, Mesopotamian Society, Babylonian Artifacts, Assyrian Temples, Sumerian Artifacts, Akkadian Culture, Babylonian Dynasty, Assyrian Religion, Mesopotamian Civilization, Sumerian Legends, Babylonian Society, Assyrian Kingship, Chaldean Society, Mesopotamian Warfare, Babylonian Contributions, Assyrian Trade Routes, Sumerian Rituals, Akkadian Literature, Babylonian Religion, Assyrian Artifacts, Chaldean Kingdoms, Sumerian Texts, Mesopotamian Ritual Practices, Babylonian Gods, Assyrian Expansion, Akkadian Deities, Sumerian Beliefs, Babylonian Mythology, Assyrian Art History, Mesopotamian Technology, Babylonian Social Structure, Chaldean Empire, Sumerian Society, Akkadian Economy, Babylonian Conquests, Assyrian Engineering, Mesopotamian Chronicles, Sumerian Science, Chaldean Literature, Babylonian Kingship, Assyrian Monuments, Mesopotamian Artifacts, Akkadian Kings, Babylonian Architecture, Sumerian Social Hierarchy, Assyrian Historical Records, Chaldean Mathematics, Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Babylonian History, Sumerian Contributions, Akkadian Astronomical Records, Assyrian Empire Structure, Mesopotamian Language, Babylonian Royalty, Chaldean Conquests, Sumerian Astronomy, Akkadian Social Structure, Babylonian Knowledge, Assyrian Rituals, Mesopotamian Dynasties, Sumerian Myths and Legends, Babylonian Rituals, Assyrian Cultural Practices, Akkadian Histories, Mesopotamian Festivals, Babylonian Historiography, Chaldean Social Structure, Sumerian Religion Practices, Akkadian Astronomical Records, Assyrian Artifacts and Relics, Babylonian Administrative Systems, Mesopotamian Historical Texts, Sumerian Knowledge, Chaldean Astronomy and Science, Assyrian Dynasties, Babylonian Trade Practices, Akkadian Religion, Mesopotamian Myths and Legends, Sumerian Administrative Systems, Chaldean Military Tactics, Babylonian Contributions to Science, Assyrian Writing Systems, Mesopotamian Economic Systems, Akkadian Literary Works, Sumerian Astronomy and Mathematics, Babylonian Governance, Chaldean Kingship, Assyrian Social Structure, Mesopotamian Innovations, Sumerian Contributions to Culture, Babylonian Ritual Practices, Akkadian Historical Records, Assyrian Empire History, Chaldean Contributions, Mesopotamian Texts and Inscriptions, Sumerian Art and Culture, Babylonian Calendar Systems, Akkadian Innovations, Assyrian Religious Practices, Mesopotamian Political Structures, Chaldean Artifacts, Sumerian Astronomy and Science, Babylonian Knowledge Systems, Akkadian Cultural Practices, Assyrian Trade and Commerce, Mesopotamian Contributions to Civilization, Chaldean Social Hierarchy, Sumerian Science and Mathematics, Babylonian Ritual Texts, Akkadian Language and Literature, Assyrian Contributions to Science, Mesopotamian Art and Culture, Chaldean Administrative Systems, Sumerian Beliefs and Practices, Babylonian Innovations, Akkadian Historical Accounts, Assyrian Myths and Legends, Mesopotamian Administrative Systems, Chaldean Political Structures, Sumerian Technological Achievements, Babylonian Royal Inscriptions, Akkadian Contributions to Culture, Assyrian Astronomy and Mathematics, Mesopotamian Scientific Contributions, Chaldean Historical Texts, Sumerian Administrative Texts, Babylonian Cultural Practices, Akkadian Religious Texts, Assyrian Innovations, Mesopotamian Scientific Records, Chaldean Society and Culture, Sumerian Historical Records, Babylonian Knowledge and Learning, Akkadian Rituals, Assyrian Cultural Contributions, Mesopotamian Rituals and Festivals, Chaldean Contributions to Astronomy, Sumerian Scientific Texts, Babylonian Social Practices, Akkadian Contributions to Science, Assyrian Historical Texts, Mesopotamian Innovations in Science, Chaldean Social Practices, Sumerian Contributions to Astronomy, Babylonian Contributions to Mathematics, Akkadian Technological Innovations, Assyrian Social Hierarchy, Mesopotamian Textual Traditions, Chaldean Science and Technology, Sumerian Historical Texts, Babylonian Art and Artifacts, Akkadian Scientific Contributions, Assyrian Administrative Systems, Mesopotamian Science and Technology, Chaldean Innovations in Science, Sumerian Ritual Texts, Babylonian Cultural Innovations, Akkadian Contributions to Mathematics, Assyrian Scientific Records, Mesopotamian Innovations in Astronomy, Chaldean Technological Achievements, Sumerian Textual Traditions, Babylonian Social Hierarchy, Akkadian Historical Records and Texts, Assyrian Ritual Practices, Mesopotamian Cultural Contributions, Chaldean Ritual Texts, Sumerian Technological Innovations, Babylonian Scientific Contributions, Akkadian Ritual Practices, Assyrian Innovations in Science, Mesopotamian Cultural Innovations, Chaldean Historical Records, Sumerian Scientific Contributions, Babylonian Innovations in Astronomy, Akkadian Social Practices, Assyrian Textual Traditions, Mesopotamian Technological Achievements, Chaldean Contributions to Mathematics, Sumerian Ritual Practices, Babylonian Scientific Records, Akkadian Contributions to Astronomy, Assyrian Historical Contributions, Mesopotamian Ritual Innovations, Chaldean Scientific Innovations, Sumerian Historical Innovations, Babylonian Contributions to Culture, Akkadian Technological Records, Assyrian Ritual Texts, Mesopotamian Historical Contributions, Chaldean Innovations in Mathematics, Sumerian Textual Innovations, Babylonian Social Innovations, Akkadian Scientific Texts, Assyrian Cultural Contributions, Mesopotamian Technological Contributions, Chaldean Ritual Practices, Sumerian ...
Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia
in W. Sallaberger and I. Schrakamp (eds.), History & Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout), pp. 139-156, 2015
G. Marchesi's contribution provides a revised relative chronology of the Early Dynastic periods, including the most important Mesopotamian cities of Adab, Kish, Lagash, Mari, Nippur, Umma, Ur, and Uruk. Marchesi’s chronology is based on a combination of genealogical information and synchronism[s], a palaeographic and linguistic analysis of royal inscriptions, legal and administrative texts, and also considers the archaeological context and the art-historical placement of inscribed artifacts. Marchesi does not use the figures provided by the Sumerian King List (SKL), whose historical value is disputed, but bases his chronology strictly on monumental and administrative texts. New sources lead to a signifcantly refined sequence of rulers, especially for Umma and Adab. The most important results of Marchesi’s contribution are almost complete sequences of the rulers of Uruk, Ur, Umma, and Adab, in addition to various proposals for the chronology and history at the end of the Presargonic period, such as the insertion of Urni of Uruk as a contemporary of Urukagina and predecessor of Enshakushana and a considerable shortening of the latter’s reign. Since the final stage of the Presargonic period in Mesopotamia saw the rise of mightier rulers who extended their dominion far beyond the confines of the traditional city-states, Marchesi introduces a “ProtoImperial” period between the Presargonic/ED IIIb and the Sargonic periods; it encompasses the reigns of Enshakushana and Lugalzagesi of Uruk, Urukagina of Lagash, Meskigala of Adab, Sargon of Akkad, and their contemporaries. [Sallaberger and Schrakamp, ARCANE 3, p. 297.]
Philadelphia and London J. B. Lippincott Company / printed at the Washingron Square press, 1915
comprehensive exploration into the depths of ancient Mesopotamian culture. This book meticulously covers various facets of life in Babylonia and Assyria, offering a holistic view of these ancient civilizations. The Book/ work is divided into several well-structured chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of Mesopotamian life. He begins with the archaeological excavations that unearthed these ancient societies, detailing the discoveries that have helped shape our understanding of their world. The book then transitions into the decipherment of the cuneiform script, a pivotal moment in historical linguistics that unlocked the rich literary and administrative records of these civilizations. A significant portion of the book is dedicated to the historical timeline of Babylonia and Assyria, tracing their rise and fall through the ages. Jastrow provides a detailed narrative of key events and figures, giving readers a clear picture of the political and social dynamics that influenced these empires. Religion plays a central role in Jastrow's analysis. He delves into the pantheon of gods worshipped by the Babylonians and Assyrians, examining their mythology, rituals, and temples. This section is particularly enlightening, as it reveals the spiritual life and practices that were integral to these societies. The book also explores the legal and commercial systems of Babylonia and Assyria. Jastrow provides insights into their laws, trade practices, and economic organization, illustrating how advanced and complex their societies were. This includes an examination of famous legal codes, such as the Code of Hammurabi, which has had a lasting impact on legal traditions. Art (tablets , bowls , monuments , relics , amulets ) and literature are also extensively covered. Jastrow presents an array of artistic achievements, from monumental architecture to intricate jewelry, showcasing the creativity and craftsmanship of these ancient peoples. The literary traditions, including epic poetry and hymns, are analyzed, revealing the richness of Mesopotamian thought and expression. Throughout the book, Jastrow's writing is detailed and scholarly yet accessible. He combines archaeological evidence with historical analysis, providing a well-rounded perspective on Babylonia and Assyria. The numerous illustrations and plates included in the book enhance the reader's understanding, offering visual context to the textual descriptions. The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria is an invaluable/rare - phenomenonal resource for anyone interested in ancient history. Morris Jastrow Jr. has crafted a thorough and engaging account that brings to life the achievements and daily realities of two of the world's earliest civilizations. ## Contents ### Chapter Page I. Excavations at Babylonian and Assyrian Sites 1 II. The Decipherment of the Cuneiform Script 63 III. Survey of Babylonian and Assyrian History 120 IV. The Gods of Babylonia and Assyria 187 V. The Cults and the Temples of Babylonia and Assyria 237 VI. Law and Commerce 283 VII. The Art of Babylonia and Assyria 367 VIII. Specimens of Babylonian and Assyrian Literature 427 Index 497 Below are listed all the illustrations in their entirety for not only easy reference but as wrote in Tags so this work can be found if someone was to type in any of these specific tablets to Monument place names hence this beautiful comprehensive work may be found) - note The below group of Explorers to Scholars are owed allot of gratitude for their sacrifice in these specific studys we now take advantage of today in the 20th to 21st century's- I. Group of Explorers of Babylonia and Assyria, and Early Decipherers of Cuneiform Inscriptions: Sir Austen Henry Layard, Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, Georg Friedrich Grotefend, Rev. Edward Hincks, Jules Oppert, George Smith, Ernest de Sarzec, John Henry Haynes 1 II. Map of Babylonia and Assyria 5 III. Fig. 1. Mound and Village of Khorsabad, the Site of the First Excavations in Assyria 14 Fig. 2. Birs Nimrud, the Site of the Ancient City of Borsippa. The Ruined Edifice is the Remains of the Seven-storied Stage-Tower 14 IV. Fig. 1. Hunting Scene in a Forest (Khorsabad) 16 Fig. 2. Procession of Captives, Bearing Tribute (Khorsabad) 16 V. Fig. 1. Winged Bull with Human Face from the Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad, Guarding the Entrance to One of the Large Halls 18 Fig. 2. Attempted Restoration of Sargon's Palace 18 VI. Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria (858-824 B.C.), Illustrating His Triumphant Wars. The Second Row Shows the King Receiving the Tribute of Jehu, the King of Israel 20 VII. Fig. 1. King Sennacherib of Assyria (705-681 B.C.) in His Chariot (Kouyunjik) 22 Fig. 2. Carrying Material Across a Stream—Palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik (Nineveh) 22 VIII. Hunting Scenes from the Palace of Ashurbanapal, King of Assyria (668-626 B.C.) 24 Fig. 1. Lion Hunt Fig. 2. Hunting Wild Horses IX. Tablets from Ashurbanapal's Library 26 Fig. 1. Omen Tablet, with Colophon at the Bottom of the Left-hand Column Fig. 2. Syllabary, Furnishing Explanations of Cuneiform Signs X. Shamash, the Sun-god, Seated in His Shrine at Sippar 37 XI. Fig. 1. Specimen of Babylonian Boundary Stone, Containing Record of Grant of Land, with Numerous Designs Representing Symbols of the Gods; Found at Abu Habba 39 Fig. 2. Stone Pedestal (Steatite) with Crouching Figures, from Telloh 39 XII. Figs. 1 and 2. Excavations of Palace of Gudea, Ruler of Lagash (c. 2450 B.C.) and of Later Edifice Erected on the Same Site 41 Fig. 3. Terra-cotta Cylinder, Containing Detailed Record of Gudea's Building Achievements and of His Devotion to the Gods 41 XIII. Fig. 1. Diorite Seated Statue of Gudea, Ruler of Lagash (c. 2450 B.C.) 43 Fig. 2. Standing Statue of Gudea 43 XIV. Fig. 1. Specimens of Tablets and Inscribed Cones Found at Telloh 45 Fig. 2. Necropolis at Telloh, Showing Methods of Burial 45 XV. Fig. 1. Slipper-shaped Coffins (Persian Period) Found at Nippur 48 Fig. 2. Incantation Bowls with Aramaic Inscriptions Found at Nippur 48 XVI. Fig. 1. White Stone Statue of the Goddess Ninlil (Bismya) 53 Fig. 2. Design on an Inscribed Boat-shaped Vase (Bismya) 53 Fig. 3. Design on an Inlaid Vase (Bismya) 53 XVII. Fig. 1. Excavations at Kaleh-Shergat, the Site of Ashur, the Ancient Capitol of Assyria 57 Fig. 2. Memorial Steles Erected at Ashur in Honor of Rulers and High Officials 57 XVIII. Fig. 1. The Lion of Babylon. Glazed Tile Work of the Days of Nebuchadnezzar II., King of Babylonia, (604-561 B.C.) 60 Fig. 2. Archway of Colored, Glazed Tiles (Khorsabad) 60 XIX. Fig. 1. Ruins at Persepolis 64 Fig. 2. Remains of the Propylæa of the Palace of Xerxes I (486-465 B.C.) at Persepolis 64 XX. Specimens of the Three Classes of Cuneiform Characters on the Monuments at Persepolis. B and G (Through Which Grotepend Discovered His Key) Represent Class I, i.e., Old Persian; C Represents Class III, i.e., Babylonian-Assyrian; D Represents Class II, i.e., Neo-Elamitic 70 XXI. Fig. 1. Portion of the Great Rock Sculpture and Inscription of Darius I (522-486 B.C.) Showing Darius Receiving the Nine Rebels and Pretenders to the Throne 83 Fig. 2. Vase of Xerxes I (486-465 B.C.), Containing the Name of the King in the Three Classes of Cuneiform Characters (Old Persian, Neo-Elamitic and Babylonian-Assyrian) and in Egyptian Hieroglyphics 83 XXII. Fig. 1. Sumerian Type 121 Fig. 2. Limestone Head (Bismya), Showing Early Semite Type in Babylonia 121 XXIII. Fig. 1. Obelisk of Manishtusu, King of Kish (c. 2600 B.C.) 134 Fig. 2. Bust of Manishtusu 134 XXIV. Fig. 1. Lugal-daudu, King of Adab, as Type of Sumerian 143 Fig. 2. Marduk-nadin-akhi, King of Babylonia (c. 1140-1086 B.C.) From a Boundary Stone of the King's Reign, as Type of Semite 143 XXV. Fig. 1. Prism Containing in Ten Columns the Annals of Ashurbanapal, King of Assyria (668-626 B.C.) 174 Fig. 2. Clay Cylinder, Containing the Account of Cyrus' Capture of Babylon (539 B.C.) 174 XXVI. Fig. 1. Stele of Ashurnasirpal III, King of Assyria (883-859 B.C.) 178 Fig. 2. Stele of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 B.C.) with Two Royal Prisoners, Tirhaka, King of Ethiopia, and Ba'alu, King of Tyre 178 XXVII. Terra-cotta Votive Images of the God Enlil and of His Consort Ninlil (Nippur) 188 XXVIII. Fig. 1. The God Marduk in Conflict with the Monster Tiamat, the Symbol of Primeval Chaos 211 Fig. 2. Procession of Gods, Mounted on Animals with Which They Were Symbolically Associated; Rock Sculpture at Malthiyeh in the Mountains of Kurdistan, Two Days North of Mosul 211 XXIX. Fig. 1. Nabu, the Chief Deity of Borsippa 218 Fig. 2. Ishtar as the Mother Goddess 218 Fig. 3. Ishtar as the Goddess of War. Rock Sculpture in the Zagros Mountains, with Votive Inscription of Anubanini, King of the Lulubi (c. 2400 B.C.), to Whom the Goddess is Bringing Prisoners of War 218 XXX. Fig. 1. Marduk, the Chief Deity of Babylon 223 Fig. 2. Adad, the God of Storms 223 XXXI. Fig. 1. Ashur (?), the Chief Deity of Assyria 229 Figs. 2 and 3. Winged Discs as Symbols of the God Ashur, Originally a Sun Deity, but as the Head of the Assyrian Pantheon, Also a God of War 229 XXXII. Fig. 1. Types of Demons 241 Fig. 2. Human-headed Lion, a Type of Monstrous Being Akin to the Demons 241 XXXIII. Assyrian King Worshipping the Tree of Life, Accompanied by Winged, Semi-divine Beings as Guardians and Fertilizers of the Tree. The Scene is Symmetrically Repeated. Above the Tree is the Symbol of the God Ashur, Represented as a Winged Disc with Human Torso 246 XXXIV. Typical Babylonian and Assyrian Temples, Built on Stage-towers, the More Primitive Form of the Pyramid 248 XXXV. Fig. 1. Entrance to the Temple Court of the Goddess Eanna, at Warka (Erech), Built by Sargon I, King of Babylonia (c. 3800 B.C.) 250 Fig. 2. Exterior of the Temple of Nabu at Borsippa 250 XXXVI. Fig. 1. Seals Representing a Scene of...
Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 5: The Babylonian Dynasties of Berossus
Answers Research Journal, 2023
The Babylonian dynasties of Berossus are incomplete. The authors solve for the missing values in Berossus using known information. As a result, we find dates for Ninyas, the Fall of Akkad to the Guti, Sardanapalus, and the first and second Median Revolts in the days of Ashur-danin-pal and Sargon II. We also find clarifying information about the reign and identity of Semiramis II as a contemporary of Tukulti Ninurta I. Finally, we identify three of the “god-kings” common to the histories of the ancient nations, as real people in the king lists. The resulting table of Berossus covers the era from the Flood to the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, in 1,809 years.