Cancer and the microbiome: potential applications as new tumor biomarker (original) (raw)
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The Journal of Pathology, 2018
Humans coexist with a vast bacterial, fungal and viral microbiome with which we have coevolved for millions of years. Several long recognized epidemiological associations between particular bacteria and cancer are now understood at the molecular level. At the same time, the arrival of next-generation sequencing technology has permitted a thorough exploration of microbiomes such as that of the human gut, enabling observation of taxonomic and metabolomic relationships between the microbiome and cancer. These studies have revealed causal mechanisms for both microbes within tumours and microbes in other host niches separated from tumours, mediated through direct and immunological mechanisms.
Libri Oncologici Croatian Journal of Oncology, 2021
The aim of this review paper is to present the complex interactions between microbiome and the host and the importance of the microbiome in maintaining homeostasis. The ways by which oncomicrobes can influence cancer development, and ultimately the possible impact of the microbiome on the cancer treatment, are reviewed. Microbiome is a community of trillions of microbes and their structural elements, with significant medical potential. It is thought that the microbiome's genome contains approximately 300 times more genes than the human genome. Microbiome is crucial for the homeostasis and well been of an organism. Dysbiosis in the microbiome can lead to developing of various negative impacts on an organism, including carcinogenesis. For some oncomicrobes is has been conclusively proven to be biological carcinogens, and for many others, there is an evidence of their possible involvement in carcinogenesis. Studies have shown that the microbiome can have an impact on every type of medical treatment, including anticancer therapy, by changing its effectiveness and toxicity. Future microbiome research will undoubtedly enable to open new possibilities in the fields of treatments and early diagnosis of cancer.
The Cancer Microbiome: Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects Requires a Systemic View
Trends in Cancer
Microbiomes impact on human health in many ways and likely impact on cancer progression and response to therapy. The effects of microbiomes on cancer may be direct or indirect. The interactions between microbiomes and cancerstwo complex systems on their ownrequire a systems biology approach. Treatments that alter microbiome composition of cancer patients are already under investigation in trials.
The interplay between the microbiome and the adaptive immune response in cancer development
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 2016
The data from different studies suggest a bacterial role in cancer genesis/progression, often modulating the local immune response. This is particularly so at the mucosal level where the bacterial presence is strong and the immune system is highly reactive. The epithelial surfaces of the body, such as the skin and mucosa, are colonized by a vast number of microorganisms, which represent the so-called normal microbiome. Normally the microbiome does not cause a proinflammatory response because the immune system has developed different strategies for the tolerance of commensal bacteria, but when these mechanisms are impaired or new pathogenic bacteria are introduced into this balanced system, the immune system reacts to the microbiome and can trigger tumor growth in the intestine. In this review, we discuss the potential role of the bacterial microbiome in carcinogenesis, focusing on the direct and indirect immune adaptive mechanisms, that the bacteria can modulate in different ways.
Roles of Microbiota in Cancer: From Tumor Development to Treatment
Journal of Oncology, 2022
Cancer as a second leading cause of death arises from multifactorial pathology. The association of microbiota and their products with various pathologic conditions including cancer is receiving significant attention over the past few years. Mounting evidence showed that human microbiota is an emerging target in tumor onset, progression, prevention, and even diagnosis. Accordingly, modulating this composition might influence the response to tumor therapy and therapeutic resistance as well. Through this review, one could conceive of complex interaction between the microbiome and cancer in either positive or negative manner by which may hold potential for finding novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Editorial: Host-microbiota and cancer
Frontiers in Oncology
Cancer is the 2 nd leading cause of death in the United States, making up an average of 21% of deaths in both genders (1). The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, starting from its peak in mid-2020 and still recovering (2). With continued mortality and incidence due to this disease, research has migrated to other areas of interest for mechanisms to aid cancer management, such as exosomes, nucleic acids, and, more innovatively, the gut microbiota. The human microbiome is a complex community composed of various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans. It contains approximately 100 trillion microorganisms and can be found at different body points, such as the skin and respiratory system. Still, the majority commonly reside in the gastrointestinal region (3). The connection between microbiome and health began to be established with the microbiome having evolving links in cardiovascular, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer (4-6). Within the scope of cancer, it is now well known that a high involvement of microbiota can indirectly or directly affect the occurrence, treatment outcome, and drug resistance. For example, Helicobacter pylori are cancer-related pathogen that can increase the incidence of gastric cancer (7). This microorganism and others will generally be responsible for approximately 20% of cancer cases (8). Additionally, the microbiota in the body has been found to have interactions in the tumor microenvironment and has ways to promote or regulate carcinogenesis and cancer therapeutic response. This can occur through signaling pathways, inducing DNA damage, and immune system regulation (9). The ability of the human microbiota to play a functional role in carcinogenesis identifies it as a potential and worthy subject for further research to understand the regulatory mechanisms for pathogen-related cancers. Furthermore, research is essential and beneficial as it can aid in identifying novel therapeutics for cancer management. Studies have shown that the tumor microbiota has a different composition than normal, and the type of composition can affect different points of development and progression. The microbiome can help regulate cancer at various points and is commonly due to the significant difference in the microbiota composition. Therefore, understanding how the Frontiers in Oncology frontiersin.org 01
The Role of the Microbiome in Cancer and the Development of Cancer Therapeutics
International journal of biopharmaceutical sciences, 2020
Cancer is caused by a compilation of hereditary and environmental factors. In the past decade, next-generation sequencing has revealed the extent to which the microbiome influences the maintenance of homeostasis and therefore the prevention of diseases such as cancer. Current research efforts explore the interaction between cancer and the microbiome, and the results are anticipated to transform how clinicians approach cancer treatment. There is a plausible transition from the use of human genetic biomarkers to microbiomic biomarkers for genomic diagnostics. Considering the expanding knowledge of the ways in which the microbiome can affect the development of cancer, clinicians treating cancer patients should be considerate of how the microbiome can influence the host-drug or microbiome-cancer interactions. Recognition of the importance of the microbiome within the field of oncology is pertinent to understanding and furthering cancer development and treatment.
Microbiota in cancer development and treatment
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 2018
Purpose Human microbiota comprises of a variety of organisms ranging from bacterial species to viruses, fungi, and protozoa which are present on the epidermal and mucosal barriers of the body. It plays a key role in health and survival of the host by regulation of the systemic functions. Its apparent functions in modulation of the host immune system, inducing carcinogenesis and regulation of the response to the cancer therapy through a variety of mechanisms such as bacterial dysbiosis, production of genotoxins, pathobionts, and disruption of the host metabolism are increasingly becoming evident. Methods Different electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature which has been reviewed in this article. Results Characterization of the microbiome particularly gut microbiota, understanding of the host-microbiota interactions, and its potential for therapeutic exploitation are necessary for the development of novel anticancer therapeutic strategies with better efficacy and lowered off-target side effects. Conclusion In this review, the role of microbiota is explained in carcinogenesis, mechanisms of microbiota-mediated carcinogenesis, and role of gut microbiota in modulation of cancer therapy.
Gut
ObjectiveIn this consensus statement, an international panel of experts deliver their opinions on key questions regarding the contribution of the human microbiome to carcinogenesis.DesignInternational experts in oncology and/or microbiome research were approached by personal communication to form a panel. A structured, iterative, methodology based around a 1-day roundtable discussion was employed to derive expert consensus on key questions in microbiome-oncology research.ResultsSome 18 experts convened for the roundtable discussion and five key questions were identified regarding: (1) the relevance of dysbiosis/an altered gut microbiome to carcinogenesis; (2) potential mechanisms of microbiota-induced carcinogenesis; (3) conceptual frameworks describing how the human microbiome may drive carcinogenesis; (4) causation versus association; and (5) future directions for research in the field.The panel considered that, despite mechanistic and supporting evidence from animal and human stu...
Unexpected guests in the tumor microenvironment: microbiome in cancer
Protein & Cell, 2020
Although intestinal microbiome have been established as an important biomarker and regulator of cancer development and therapeutic response, less is known about the role of microbiome at other body sites in cancer. Emerging evidence has revealed that the local microbiota make up an important part of the tumor microenvironment across many types of cancer, especially in cancers arising from mucosal sites, including the lung, skin and gastrointestinal tract. The populations of bacteria that reside specifically within tumors have been found to be tumor-type specific, and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that tumor-associated microbiota may directly regulate cancer initiation, progression and responses to chemo- or immuno-therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the important literature on the microbiota in the cancerous tissue, and their function and mechanism of action in cancer development and treatment.