Design Optimization of Gapped-Core Shunt Reactors (original) (raw)
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Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (CJMS), 2023
The import dependency of essential components in our country's electrical power system poses a significant challenge, emphasizing the importance of focusing on the design, development, and maintenance of power system components, particularly shunt reactors, from an economic standpoint. Domestic production of these components contributes to employment opportunities and enhances self-sufficiency. This study aims to address these challenges by optimizing the design of a dry-type single phase gapped-core shunt reactor with a rating of 100 kVAr and 10 kV. The reactor operates at a frequency of 50 Hz and experiences a maximum core flux density of 1.2 T. The study thoroughly examines the fundamental aspects related to the design of gapped-core shunt reactors. An optimal design is achieved by determining the optimal ratio of the cross-sectional area to the height of each core disk, employing a MATLAB code to minimize the reactor's initial manufacturing cost (IC) or losses. In addition, the proposed design undergoes simulation and analysis using the finite element method (FEM) in the MAXWELL software. The reactor's inductance is obtained through both Maxwell three-dimensional (3D) simulation and analytical methods, demonstrating a reasonable agreement that validates the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach.
Finite Element Modeling of Shunt Reactors Used in High Voltage Power Systems
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Shunt reactors are important components for high-voltage and extra high voltage transmission systems with large line lengths. They are used to absorb excess reactive power generated by capacitive power on the lines when no-load or under-load occurs. In addition, they play an important role in balancing the reactive power on the system, avoiding overvoltage at the end of the lines, and maintaining voltage stability at the specified level. In this paper, an analytical method based on the theory of magnetic circuit model is used to compute the electromagnetic fields of shunt reactors and then a finite element method is applied to simulate magnetic field distributions, joule power losses, and copper losses in the magnetic circuit. In order to reduce magnetic flux and avoid magnetic circuit saturation, it is necessary to increase the reluctance of the magnetic circuit by adding air gaps in the iron core. The air gaps are arranged along the iron core to decrease the influence of flux frin...
Journal of Engineering Research
Today, magnetically controlled shunt reactors are widely used in solving power quality problems. These reactors are designed to reduce system reactive power, control high super/special high voltage grid voltage, suppress power frequency, regulate overvoltage, eliminate generator excitation, dynamically compensate transmission line power charge, suppress secondary arc current, suppress system resonance. By using suitably designed silica plate core reactors at the input of the frequency converters in the electrical distribution system, the level of harmonic currents drawn from the electrical power distribution system can be reduced to certain rates. The core material, the air-gapped nature of the reactor core, and the sizing of the reactor have a great influence on the harmonic level of the current and its ability to reduce losses in the reactor. In this study, three reactors with different core materials and different air gap gaps are designed for a certain voltage value. Parametric ...
A Novel Approach for the Modeling of Electromagnetic Forces in Air-Gap Shunt Reactors
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2022
Shunt reactors are usually used in electrical systems to imbibe reactive powers created by capacitive powers on the lines when the system is operating on low or no loads. Moreover, they are also used to balance reactive powers and maintain the stability of a specified voltage. In general, the air gaps of a magnetic circuit shunt reactor are arranged along the iron core to reduce the influence of fringing and leakage fluxes. Therefore, non-magnetic materials made of ceramics or marbles are often used in air gaps to separate the iron core packets. The direction of the fringing flux is perpendicular to the laminations, so the core packets of the shunt reactor are generally made from radially laminated silicon steels. Due to the alternating electromagnetic field through the core, a periodically altered electromagnetic force is produced between the core packets, tending to compress the ceramic spacers. This electromagnetic force causes vibration and noise in the core. In this research, a...
International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE), 2023
The finite element technique is used widely for researchers and manufacturers to design and simulate electrical systems in general and electrical machines such as shunt reactors (SRs) and transformers in particular. Many papers have recently applied several methods to analyze magnetic fields, copper losses and joule power losses in the shunt reactors (SRs). In this research, the finite element technique with coupling to global quantities is proposed to investigate the voltage and current distributions in the windings, and compute the distribution of magnetic field in the air gap and along the air core of the SR, as well as copper and core losses. The developed method is directly applied to the practical SR of 91 MVAr and a rated voltage of 500 kV. The finite element method (FEM)-simulated results are validated with experimental results to ensure accuracy and reliability. This facilitate designing the reactor.
Analysis of Leakage Inductances in Shunt Reactors: Application to High Voltage Transmission Lines
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Inductance is one of the main parameters directly related to the reactive powers of Shunt Reactors (SRs) in electrical systems. Thus, the definition and computation of leakage inductances and the ratio of leakage to total inductances play an extremely important role in the design and manufacturing of SRs. In this study, a finite element approach was developed to compute leakage and total inductances and define a relationship between them with different SR powers and high voltage levels. The expanded method is presented with the magnetic vector potential formulations.
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2017
This study thoroughly studies overvoltages appearing on the isolated phase (s) of shunt reactor compensated transmission-lines when remaining phases are left energised. The voltage that appears on the isolated phase would settle to a steady-state component induced from the energised phases. This endures until all other phases are disconnected or the isolated phase is re-energised. Reactors with different zero-and positive-sequence reactances are less common but not rare. Taking this point into account, a general model is introduced for three-phase reactors involving those with interphase magnetic coupling. Accordingly, a rigorous analytical formulation is developed to prevent open-phase damaging overvoltages. As proposed, this is achieved by installing a suitable neutral reactor whose optimal value is obtained using the extracted closed-form equations. It is shown that in the case of shunt reactors with interphase magnetic coupling, open-phase overvoltages are more likely to arise even for small degrees of compensation. Based on the defined objectives, a range is determined for the neutral reactance in which no openphase overvoltage would appear. This provides a high flexibility in sizing the neutral reactor considering technical and economical limitations. The accuracy of the employed models and effectiveness of the optimised neutral reactance are further illustrated through extensive simulation studies using the electromagnetic transient program EMTP-RV.
Updates on Magnet Design For EU-DEMO Reactor: Optimization Studies on TF and CS Systems
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021
In the framework of EU design activities for dimensioning the future fusion DEMOnstration reactor (DEMO), extensive analyses were conducted in EUROfusion context, aiming at ultimately defining the design of the DEMO magnets system. In this objective CEA (Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives) proposes design for both Central Solenoid (CS) and Toroidal Field (TF) cryomagnetic systems. Considering the latest DEMO reactor baseline both systems were investigated using pre-dimensioning CEA tool MADMACS, with an outcome of several options for each of them. In a second step those designs were investigated with detailed analyses (electromagnetic, thermohydraulic, mechanic). In the paper a broad analysis of the CS design considering fatigue constraints is shown, together with recommendations considering flux target. The TF system considered is an ITER-like option with radial plates and the detailed electromagnetic analysis is exposed and discussed in comparison with former methods. The outcome is used for a thermohydraulic detailed static analysis and a mechanical analysis of TF winding pack is provided and discussed in terms of results but of method as well. Global considerations and recommendations will also be provided to give a first view on cryomagnetic system optimization with respect to cost merits related to both magnet systems.
IRJET- Problems Associated with the Sheilding Cylinder for Shunt Reactor Failure
IRJET, 2020
In case of failure of shunt reactor in long transmission line system, voltage of system shoots up which may lead to forced outages of the system. In this paper ,present here to work on the development of new robust, operator friendly & more reliable earthing lead of shield cylinder that is very important the part of shunt reactor. Grid outage is the state of complete absence of electricity at the consumer's end. There are many causes of power failures in a Grid. One of the causes is the shunt reactor failure at transmission substations. Shunt reactor is an intensive key component of transmission substation for maintaining continuous flow of electricity. It is installed for improving the efficiency of transmission line through reactive power compensation and to offset the capacitive effect of the transmission line and to regulate the voltage and reactive power.
Cost-Based Optimization Of A Nuclear Reactor Core Design: a preliminary mode
2007
A new formulation of a nuclear core design optimization problem is introduced in this article. Originally, the optimization problem consisted in adjusting several reactor cell parameters, such as dimensions, enrichment and materials, in order to minimize the radial power peaking factor in a three-enrichment zone reactor, considering restrictions on the average thermal flux, criticality and sub-moderation. Here, we address the same problem using the minimization of the fuel and cladding materials costs as the objective function, and the radial power peaking factor as an operational constraint. This cost-based optimization problem is attacked by two metaheuristics, the standard genetic algorithm (SGA), and a recently introduced Metropolis algorithm called the Particle Collision Algorithm (PCA). The two algorithms are submitted to the same computational effort and their results are compared. As the formulation presented is preliminary, more elaborate models are also discussed.