Elevated interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 serum levels in neuroleptic-free schizophrenia: association with psychopathology (original) (raw)
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Decreased serum levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in Indian Bengalee schizophrenic patients
Background and purpose: Autoimmune process is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology in some cases of schizophrenia. Alteration in interleukin (IL) regulation is regarded as additional proof of autoim-munological background in schizophrenia. Most of the research in interleukin activity in schizophrenia has been in Caucasian and some Mongoloid patients. We have studied the serum IL-2 and IL-6 level in psychotropic medication free and antipsychotic medicating schizophrenic patients who are Indian Bengalee by ethnicity. Method: Twenty psychotropic medication free and 30 antipsychotic medicating schizophrenic patients who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria and 30 of the same age and sex matched controls were recruited. Serum level of IL-2 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: There was a significant decrease of IL-2 and IL-6 in both antipsychotic medicating and psychotropic medication free patients. Further the medicating patients showed lower level of IL-2 and IL-6 than the psychotropic medication free patients. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe a decrease serum level of IL-6 in schizophrenic patients. The study provides the evidence that some kind of immune dysregulation is involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The study also provides the evidence for the immunosuppressive effect of antipsychotic drugs.
Serum Interleukin 1 and Interleukin 2 Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia
Journal of International Medical Research, 2002
in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this cross-sectional, case-controlled study, patients with schizophrenia and a control group of healthy subjects, matched by age, sex and body mass index, were evaluated. The levels of IL-1a and IL-2 in blood serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fasting serum IL-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared with the control subjects, but there was no difference between the fasting serum levels of IL-1a in patients with schizophrenia and the control subjects. Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have altered IL-2, but not IL-1a, regulation.
Cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: A systematic review of psychoneuroimmune relationship
Introduction: Schizophrenia is a multifactorial psychiatric disease with complex interactions among the brain and the immune system. A psycho-immune relationship underling schizophrenia is supported by several studies and integrates a specific area of knowledge-psychoneuroimmunology. Methods: A systematic review was performed by 2009 Preferred Reporting Items (PRISMA) recommendations. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, publications with relevant information (evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisals tools to quality assessment) were included. Results: In this review, we considered the inflammatory activity promoted by cytokine alterations in schizophre-nia aetiology, which reflects the systemic comprehension of this disease in opposition to the traditional approach focused solely on the brain. We focus on the analysis of several specific outcomes, such as proinflammatory cy-tokines, sample sort, laboratory techniques, diagnosis scales and results of each publication. Conclusion: This systematic review confirms the existence of cytokines abnormalities in schizophrenia disease. Immune imbalances such as increased levels of some cytokines (either at protein level or at mRNA expression), cytokine mRNAs, as well as cytokine gene polymorphisms have been reported with a large support in schizo-phrenia. These findings provide a strong evidence of a concomitant process of inflammatory activity in schizo-phrenia illness course.
Serum Interleukin 1α and Interleukin 2 Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia
Journal of International Medical Research, 2002
It has been suggested that altered interleukin (IL) regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this cross-sectional, case-controlled study, patients with schizophrenia and a control group of healthy subjects, matched by age, sex and body mass index, were evaluated. The levels of IL-1α and IL-2 in blood serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fasting serum IL-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared with the control subjects, but there was no difference between the fasting serum levels of IL-1α in patients with schizophrenia and the control subjects. Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have altered IL-2, but not IL-1α, regulation.
The inflammatory response system in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: increased serum interleukin-6
Schizophrenia Research, 1998
There is some evidence that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is related to activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS ), as indicated by increased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), IL-1R antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-2R and lower serum concentrations of CC16, an endogenous anti-inflammatory protein with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. The aims of the present study were to examine serum CC16 in relation to IL-6, IL-6R and gp130, the IL-6 transducing signal protein, in schizophrenia and in treatmentresistant schizophrenia (TRS ). Serum IL-6 and sIL-6R were significantly higher in medicated schizophrenic patients than in normal controls. Serum IL-6 was significantly higher in TRS than in normal volunteers, whereas schizophrenic patients without TRS showed intermediate values. Serum CC16 was significantly lower in schizophrenic patients with a positive family history for psychoses than in normal volunteers and patients without a positive family history. There was a significant inverse relationship between serum CC16 and serum IL-6 or sIL-6R in schizophrenic patients, but not in normal volunteers. The results suggest that the inflammatory response in schizophrenia, as indicated by increased serum IL-6 and sIL-6R, may be causally related to lower serum CC16 and that the latter might be a trait marker for schizophrenia.
Serum interleukin-6 concentration in schizophrenia: Elevation associated with duration of illness
Psychiatry Research, 1994
Using an enzyme immunoassay (ELBA), we measured serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in 128 schizophrenic patients (24 of whom were never medicated) and in 110 normal control subjects. Mean serum IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients as compared with the control subjects (p = 0.009). Comparisons within the patient group revealed that serum IL-6 was significantly correlated with duration of illness (r = 0.32, p = 0.0004). After covariation for duration of illness, there was no relationship between IL-6 levels and the production of autoantibodies, clinical state, or medication status. Thus, elevated serum IL-6 levels in schizophrenia develop during the course of illness and may be related to treatment or to disease progression.
Schizophrenia research, 1992
The hypothesis of an immunological defect in schizophrenia has been supported by reports on abnormal production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferons (IFNs) in schizophrenic patients. In the present study we determined the serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma in 10 first onset, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenics, in 6 pretreated patients who were drug free (1 week to 2 years) at the time of the investigation and in 15 matched healthy controls. No IFN-alpha was detected in schizophrenics' and in control sera. No differences were found in IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels between schizophrenics and controls. Thus the present study failed to support the hypothesis of an immunological abnormality in schizophrenia on the basis of the determination of IL-2 and IFNs serum levels.