Prevalence of Myopia and Its Risk Factors in Urban School Children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study) (original) (raw)
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Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors in Schoolchildren in North India
Optometry and Vision Science, 2019
SIGNIFICANCE: Studies reporting the prevalence and associated risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren in India are limited. Knowledge about the prevalence and the modifiable risk factors associated with myopia development will help in planning cost-effective strategies to prevent its progression in India. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated behavioral risk factors of myopia in schoolchildren in Gurugram, Haryana, in north India. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on schoolchildren (aged 5 to 15 years) from two private schools in Gurugram. Visual acuity was measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart. Myopia was defined as the spherical equivalent refractive error of at least −0.50 D in the better eye. Information on the child's habits and lifestyle, study hours, hours of playing video games, and outdoor playtime were obtained using a questionnaire. Association of behavioral risk factors was analyzed for children with and without myopia, and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each factor was estimated. RESULTS: A total of 1234 children (mean ± SD age, 10.5 ± 3 years; 59% boys) were screened. Myopia prevalence was found to be 21.1% (n = 261; mean ± SD age, 11 ± 2 years; 52% boys). The mean ± SD myopic spherical error was −1.94 ± 0.92 D. The prevalence of myopia was found to be higher (27%; 95% confidence interval, 23 to 30.6; OR, 3.19 [2.13 to 4.76]) among older children (9 to 12 years). Prevalence of myopia was more in boys (25%; 95% confidence interval, 21.1 to 28.8) compared with girls (P < .01). A positive association of presence of myopia was observed with children studying more than 4 hours per day (P < .008) and with children playing computer/video/mobile games more than 2 hours per day (P < .001). A protective effect was observed in children with outdoor activities/play for more than 1.5 hours per day (OR, 0.01 [0.00 to 0.06]). CONCLUSIONS: Myopia is a major public health concern, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly among schoolchildren in India. There is a pressing need to develop cost-effective strategies to prevent this cause of vision impairment, which can be easily treated with optical interventions.
A Comprehensive Study on Prevalence of Myopia in School Going Children
Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 2019
Myopia is one of the commonest manifestations affecting school going children. Excessive use of gadgets forms the prime cause apart from the other cause like malnutrition, economic status or genetic conditions. The aim is to study the prevalence of myopia in school children in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. With required permissions from the school authorities, five schools were enrolled in the study. 1738 school children of classes 6 th-10 th with age ranging from 9-15 years were registered. There were 982 boys and 756 girls. The method of examination has been clearly explained to them. The results were represented graphically. The prevalence of myopia from the present study from the students of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh was 7.30%. Girls were more affected 8.33%. When the socio economic status was considered, more students from low socio economic group were found to be affected with myopia. The maximum number of students having myopia was in the age group of 12 years. The students were addressed and the results were explained to them. They were adviced the required measures to prevent further progress of the condition. The students with symptoms were suggested for an Ophthalmic consultation.
PloS one, 2017
To evaluate the incidence and progression of myopia and factors associated with progression of myopia in school going children in Delhi. Prospective longitudinal study of 10,000 school children aged 5 to 15 years screened after an interval of 1 year to identify new myopes (Spherical Equivalent≤ -0.5D) and progression of myopia in previously diagnosed myopic children. Association between risk factors and progression was analyzed using adjusted odds ratio. Of the 9,616 children re-screened (97.3% coverage), annual incidence of myopia was 3.4%with mean dioptric change of -1.09 ± 0.55. There was a significant higher incidence of myopia in younger children compared to older children (P = 0.012) and among girls compared to boys (P = 0.002). Progression was observed in 49.2%children with mean dioptric change of -0.27 ± 0.42 diopters. The demographic and behavioral risk factors were analyzed for children with progression (n = 629) and adjusted odds ratio values were estimated. Hours of read...
eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia
Globaly, the prevalence of refractive errors, especially myopia in children, has increased significantly. The cause of myopia is multifactorial. Near-work activities and family history are some suggested factors associated with myopia. However, there has not been enough data on these factors and their association with myopia in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with myopia in primary and middle schoolaged children in Pamijahan Village, Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. Data were taken in a cross-sectional design based on the visual acuity, anterior and posterior eye examination. A 14-item questionnaire regarding myopia-associated factors including family history, playing outdoors, and near-work activities, was distributed to the subjects. The data were taken from June to September 2018. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20. The prevalence of myopia in Pamijahan Village is 4,9% out of 474 subjects. Family history, including pare...
Frequency of Myopia in Rural and Urban School Going Children
Journal of Aziz Fatimah Medical & Dental College, 2022
Objective: The study aimed at finding the frequency of myopia in rural and urban primary and secondary school going children from 6 to 18 years of age. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to August 2018 in a rural area of Sahiyawala and in urban area of Chiniot. A total of 1000 subjects of both gender and ages ranging between 6 to 18 years were included through a stratified random sampling technique. The sample was considered of 500 subjects in rural and 500 subjects in urban areas. Subjects of 1st class to 10th class were selected. Data was collected using a proforma and retinoscope was done for diagnosis of, Myopia. Data was analyzed by using Chi-square test in SPSS 20 software. Results: The frequency of myopia was higher in urban area 41.6% then rural area 28% (P 0.00). Other findings include, (42.6%) in urban and (56.6%) in rural area were emmetropic, and with other types of refractive errors were (15.8%) in urban and (15.4%) in rura...
The epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide
Acta Ophthalmologica, 2019
Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between Jan 2013 and Mar 2019 were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.
Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Kollam - Kerala
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2016
Background: Myopia, the most common type of refractive error, is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence’s of myopia vary across populations of different regions and ethnicities. More time spent on near work, less time outdoors, higher educational level and parental history of myopia have been reported to increase the risk of myopia. Treatable refractive error is the major cause (33.3%) of the blindness in children. The prevalence of childhood blindness in India is 0.17%. Aims and objective: To find the prevalence of Myopia and its associated risk factors among school children in a rural set up. Study design: A cross sectional study was conducted by enrolling 300 children from a single school in a rural area. Settings: Students studying in classes’ fifth to tenth standard from a school in rural area in Kollam District, Kerala. Materials and methods: Visual Acuity was tested using Snellen chart. In order to get information on influencing facto...
2019
Background: Refractive errors are considered as major public health issue as these are most common type of eye disorders. Uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of avoidable visual impairment which can lead to educational and social disability in adulthood. Objective: To find out the prevalence of refractive errors among secondary school children in Islamabad Pakistan. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study with sample size of 1430 secondary school students. The age of participants was 11-16 years. Data was collected through multistage sampling technique. Vision screening was carried out by Snellen chart and for students with visual acuity ≤ 6/12 refractive status was measured by auto-refractor. Subjective refraction was done according to auto-refractor's results. Myopia, Hypermetropia and astigmatism were defined as Spherical Equivalent (S.E) of ≥-0.5 diopter (D), ≥ +1.0 diopter (D) and ≥ 0.75 D respectively. Students detected with refractive errors were evaluated for different variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 software program, frequencies and percentages were calculated. Results: After screening of 1430 students 240 were detected with refractive errors. Overall prevalence of refractive errors was calculated as 16.78%. Out of 240 students with refractive errors myopia was found in 135 (56.3%) student and hyperopia was detected in 46 (19.2%) students. Myopic and hypermetropic astigmatism was prevalent in 43 (17.9%) and 16 (6.7%) students respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that a considerable proportion of secondary school students were affected by refractive errors. Prevalence of myopia is very high and needs to be addressed.
A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide
BMC Ophthalmology, 2020
Background Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6–19 years) around the world. Main body PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between Jan 2013 and Mar 2019 were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cyclopl...
Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2022
To study the causes and risk factors for development of myopia and to see short term progression in children of 0-15 years. Settings and Design: A prospective observational study was conducted among children attending the Ophthalmology department of a Tertiary care centre in Central India, from October 2019 to September 2021. Methods and Material: In order to determine the refractive status of the eye, all subjects underwent visual acuity tests, anterior and posterior segment examinations, and various other investigations. Data was collected during the first year concerning their parents' use of spectacles, duration of indoor activity near work, and outdoor activity, and progression was tracked during the second year. Statistical software SPSS 23.0 version was used to tabulate and analyze the data. Results: Amongst 714 children between the age 0-15 years, myopia was seen in 19.9% subjects. Amongst those with myopia, 28% showed progression. In those showing progression, 50% belonged to 11-15-year age group, a female predilection of 64.3%, 50% with parental history of refractive error, 71.4% subjects were involved in > 2 hours/day of indoor active near work and 57.1% subjects were involved in < 2 hours/ day of outdoor activity. In subjects with progression of myopia, 71.4% had an increase in axial length of < 1 mm. While in subjects less than 10 years of age, steeper cornea was a more common factor for progression as compared to increase in axial length, seen in 57.1% cases. Conclusion: Myopia progression in the growing age group is inversely correlated with time spent engaging in outdoor activity, on the other hand, it shares a strong positive correlation with time spent on indoor active near work. Corneal curvature plays a more significant role in progression of myopia as compared to axial length in younger age group. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.