Helodermin-loaded nanoparticles: Characterization and transport across an in vitro model of the follicle-associated epithelium (original) (raw)
Related papers
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2005
An in vitro model of the human follicle associated epithelium (FAE) was characterized and the influence of nanoparticle properties on the transcellular transport across the in vitro model was investigated. The model was established by co-culturing Caco-2 and Raji cells, with Caco-2 cells alone as control. The conversion of Caco-2 cells to follicle associated epithelium (FAE) like cells was monitored by following the surface expression of 1-integrins (immunofluorescence) and nanoparticle transport (flow cytometry). The influence of the nanoparticle concentration at the apical side, temperature, size and surface properties of nanoparticles on transport was evaluated, as well as the influence of transport conditions. The conversion of Caco-2 cells into FAE-like cells occurred. The transport was concentration, temperature and size-dependent. Aminated nanoparticles were more efficiently transported than carboxylated nanoparticles, suggesting a role of nanoparticle surface functional groups and hydrophobicity, possibly leading to a different pattern of protein adsorption at their surface. In conclusion, this in vitro model is a promising tool to study the role of M cells in transintestinal nanoparticle transport, as well as to evaluate new drug delivery systems.
Nanoparticles as carriers for oral peptide absorption: Studies on particle uptake and fate
Journal of Controlled Release, 1995
Previous work from our laboratories has provided quantitative proof of the importance of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the processes involved in the uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles delivered orally, and has confirmed the role of the Peyer's patches in the uptake of particles through the small intestine. In more recent work discussed here the role of lymphoid tissue in the large intestine has been demonstrated, a significant amount of the total uptake occurring in this region of the gut. Adsorption of poloxamers 188 and 407 onto 50 nm polystyrene nanopartictes inhibited uptake in the small intestine and reduced uptake from the large intestine, suggesting reduction in adhesion to GALT and other epithelial tissues in the presence of the poloxamer coating but also indirectly suggesting differences in the surface characteristics of lymphoid tissue at different sites in the gut. The covalent attachment of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) lectin molecules to the surface of 500 nm polystyrene particles had a significant effect not only on total uptake (well over a 10-fold increase in absorption over 'plain' particles after 5 days daily dosing) but on the locus of uptake, which is shifted from lymphoid to normal non-lymphoid intestinal tissue. We have demonstrated, therefore, both an increase and a decrease in absorption of nanoparticles from the gastro-intestinal tract and some, albeit serendipitous, control of the site of uptake and absorption, which should provide pointers for the future development of systems with optimal uptake characteristics.
Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach
Journal of Controlled Release, 2006
Peptides and proteins remain poorly bioavailable upon oral administration. One of the most promising strategies to improve their oral delivery relies on their association with colloidal carriers, e.g. polymeric nanoparticles, stable in gastrointestinal tract, protective for encapsulated substances and able to modulate physicochemical characteristics, drug release and biological behavior. The mechanisms of transport of these nanoparticles across intestinal mucosa are reviewed. In particular, the influence of size and surface properties on their non-specific uptake or their targeted uptake by enterocytes and/or M cells is discussed. Enhancement of their uptake by appropriate cells, i.e. M cells by (i) modeling surface properties to optimize access to and transport by M cells (ii) identifying surface markers specific to human M cell allowing targeting to M cells and nanoparticles transcytosis is illustrated. Encouraging results upon in vivo testing are reported but low bioavailability and lack of control on absorbed dose slow down products development. Vaccines are certainly the most promising applications for orally delivered nanoparticles.
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2018
Oral administration of peptides still remains a challenging issue. We previously pointed out the possibility to target intestinal PepT1 transporter with functionalized PLA-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) formulated by nanoprecipitation, and to improve drug-loaded intestinal permeability. Nevertheless, alternative manufacturing processes exist and the impact on the intestinal transporter targeting could be interesting to study. Our objective is consequently to assess the ability of functionalized NPs to target PepT1 according to the manufacturing process, and the possibility to improve peptide absorption. PLA-PEG-Valine NPs were formulated by nanoprecipitation, double and simple emulsion with median particle size < 200 nm. Using Caco-2 cells, the competition between PLA-PEG-Val NPs formulated by the different manufacturing processes, and [ 3 H]Glycylsarcosine, a well-known substrate of PepT1, was observed to evaluate the impact of the process on the intestinal transporter PepT1 targeting. Simultaneously, PLA-PEG-Val NPs were labeled with fluorescein (FITC) to evaluate PepT1 targeting and to observe the behavior of the NPs close to the cell according to the manufacturing process by confocal imaging. Finally, oxytocin peptide (OXY) was encapsulated in Val-NPs according to the most relevant process and the transport of the drug was assessed in vitro and in vivo, and compared to free drug. It was possible to observe by TEM imaging a better organization and expression of the ligand at the surface for NPs formulated by emulsion processes. Furthermore, the competition between functionalized NPs and [ 3 H]Glycylsarcosine revealed a better transport inhibition of [ 3 H]Glycylsarcosine for NPs formulated by double emulsion (≈ 67%). These results were confirmed by fluorescence measurements, comparing the amount of fluorescence linked to the cells after incubation with fluorescent Val-NPs for the 3 processes (≈ 39% for double emulsion). Additionally, confocal microscopy confirmed the ability of Val-NPs prepared by double emulsion to target the cell membrane and even to reach the intracellular space. OXY was then encapsulated by double emulsion in Val-NPs with a drug load of ≈ 4%. It was thus shown in vitro that drug transport was doubled compared to free drug. In vivo, OXY plasma concentration after oral administration were significantly increased when encapsulated in Val-NPS obtained by double emulsion compared to free drug. These results demonstrated that NPs prepared by double emulsion allowed a better PepT1 targeting and is a promising approach for oral peptide delivery.
2014
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that is in the pipeline for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) therapy. However, oral administration of GLP-1 is hindered by the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and poor bioavailability. In this study, three nanosystems composed by three different biomaterials (poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymer (PLGA), Witepsol E85 lipid (solid lipid nanoparticles, SLN) and porous silicon (PSi) were developed and loaded with GLP-1 to study their permeability in vitro. All the nanoparticles presented a size of approximately 200 nm. The nanoparticles' interaction with the mucus and the intestinal cells were enhanced after coating with chitosan (CS). PSi nanosystems presented the best association efficiency (AE) and loading degree (LD), even though a high AE was also observed for PLGA nanoparticles and SLN. Among all the nanosystems, PLGA and PSi were the only nanoparticles able to sustain the release of GLP-1 in biological fluids when coated with CS. This characteristic was also maintained when the nanosystems were in contact with the intestinal Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell monolayers. The CS-coated PSi nanoparticles showed the highest GLP-1 permeation across the intestinal in vitro models. In conclusion, PLGA þ CS and PSi þ CS are promising nanocarriers for the oral delivery of GLP-1.
Targeting nanoparticles to M cells with non-peptidic ligands for oral vaccination
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2009
The presence of RGD on nanoparticles allows the targeting of βl integrins at the apical surface of human M cells and the enhancement of an immune response after oral immunization. To check the hypothesis that non-peptidic ligands targeting intestinal M cells or APCs would be more efficient for oral immunization than RGD, novel non-peptidic and peptidic analogs (RGD peptidomimitic (RGDp), LDV derivative (LDVd) and LDV peptidomimetic (LDVp)) as well as mannose were grafted on the PEG chain of PCL-PEG and incorporated in PLGA-based nanoparticles. RGD and RGDp significantly increased the transport of nanoparticles across an in vitro model of human M cells as compared to enterocytes. RGD, LDVp, LDVd and mannose enhanced nanoparticle uptake by macrophages in vitro. The intraduodenal immunization with RGDp-, LDVd-or mannoselabeled nanoparticles elicited a higher production of IgG antibodies than the intramuscular injection of free ovalbumin or intraduodenal administration of either non-targeted or RGD-nanoparticles. Targeted formulations were also able to induce a cellular immune response. In conclusion, the in vitro transport of nanoparticles, uptake by macrophages and the immune response were positively influenced by the presence of ligands at the surface of nanoparticles. These targeted-nanoparticles could thus represent a promising delivery system for oral immunization. polymeric particles and/or modulators of the immune response such as cholera toxin B, have been widely investigated . The use of polymeric nanoparticles for the delivery of complex antigens, a combination of antigens, and genetic vaccines makes them one of the most promising strategies for oral vaccination .
A novel In Vitro Model for Studying Nanoparticle Interactions with the Small Intestine
EURO-NanoTox-Letters, 2016
Manufactured nanomaterials provide promising features for new technologies in cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical applications. On the other hand, orally ingested nanomaterials/nanoparticles may interact with or enter intestinal cells via different mechanisms, resulting in possible injuries of the biological system. For that reason, the current study aims to provide useful information concerning physicochemical properties of nanoparticles with regard to cytotoxic effects and uptake mechanisms in the small intestine. Differently charged polystyrene nanoparticles were used and cytotoxicity and uptake were studied with an intestinal in vitro co-culture model, mimicking the villus epithelium and a triple-culture model recapitulating the follicle-associated epithelium. Mechanisms of cellular transport were investigated at 37°C and 4°C to verify that internalization mainly occurs energy-dependently. Chemical inhibitors (i.e., chlorpromazine, genistein, dynasore) were used to block dynamin-dependent endocytic pathways without affecting cell viability and membrane integrity. Qualification and quantification were performed via confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Furthermore, co-localization studies with commonly used markers (i.e., transferrin, lactosylceramide) were carried out and co-localization was assessed via calculation of Pearson´s correlation coefficient and Mander´s overlap coefficient. The results show that size and surface chemistry play a crucial role in cytotoxic interactions and cellular uptake of nanoparticles (NPs). Independent of the surface charge, NPs strongly interact with intestinal mucus and are immobilized. Uptake predominantly occurs via M cells and is surface-charge dependent. Whereas negatively charged particles fail to enter cells, positive and neutral particles penetrate M cells energy-dependently. More precisely, both clathrin-and caveolae-mediated endocytosis are involved. It can be concluded that the presented system serves as a valuable tool to assess safety aspects of manufactured nanomaterials and hence, substantially contributes to nanosafety efforts.
Journal of Controlled Release, 1996
A novel co-polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery system (Co-polymerised Peptide Particles: CPP) has been developed as a carrier for the oral uptake of therapeutic peptides. The system was based on the co-polymerisation of the active peptide derivative with n-butylcyanoacrylate (n-BCA), the resulting co-polymer being formulated as nanoparticles. The peptide luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) was used as a model drug to investigate the viability of the approach. LHRH was covalently bound to vinylacetic acid and the resulting LHRH-vinylacetate conjugate (3e) and a radiolabel (3c*) were subsequently co-polymerised with n-BCA. The polymerisation reaction conditions were manipulated to exploit the particle-forming properties of n-BCA, so that the co-polymer was prepared as particles of average diameter 100 nm, containing LHRH molecules covalently bound as constituents of the oligomeric chains which formed the particles, rather than physically entrapped or adsorbed. The vinylacetic acid functions as a 'linking acid', allowing the formation of a polymerizable derivative of the peptide; also, the stability of the covalent bond between LHRH and vinylacetic acid ensures that the LHRH remains entrapped, and therefore protected, within the carrier in vivo. The co-polymeric particles were found to be stable in vitro when incubated over a 3 h period in gut luminal contents and mucosal scrapings. Their stability was also demonstrated in fetal calf serum and rat serum. In vitro transport studies using the Caco-2 cell line suggested that absorption in vivo was possible.
PEG-PGA Enveloped Octaarginine-Peptide Nanocomplexes: An Oral Peptide Delivery Strategy
The objective of this work was the development of a new drug nanocarrier intended to overcome the barriers associated to the oral modality of administration and to assess its value for the systemic or local delivery of peptides. The nanocarrier was rationally designed taking into account the nature of the intestinal barriers and was loaded with insulin, which was selected as a model peptide. The nanocarrier consisted of a nanocomplex between insulin and a hydrophobically-modified cell penetrating peptide (CPP), enveloped by a protecting polymer. The selected CPP was octaarginine (r8), chemically conjugated with cholesterol (Chol) or lauric acid (C12), whereas the protecting polymer was poly (glutamic acid)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PGA-PEG). This enveloping material was intended to preserve the stability of the nanocomplex in the intestinal medium and facilitate its diffusion across the intestinal mucus. The enveloped nanocomplexes (ENCPs) exhibited a number of key features, namely (i) a unimodal size distribution with a mean size of 200 nm and a neutral zeta potential, (ii) the capacity to associate insulin (~100% association efficiency) and protect it from degradation in simulated intestinal fluids, (iii) the ability to diffuse through intestinal mucus and, most importantly, (iv) the capacity to interact with the Caco-2 model epithelium, resulting in a massive insulin cell uptake (47.59 ± 5.79%). This enhanced accumulation of insulin at the epithelial level was not translated into an enhanced insulin transport. In fact, only 2% of insulin was transported across the monolayer, and this was correlated with a moderate response of insulin following oral administration to healthy rats. Despite of this, the accumulation of the insulin-loaded nanocarriers in the intestinal mucosa could be verified in vivo upon their labeling with 99mTc. Overall, these data underline the capacity of the nanocarriers to overcome substantial barriers associated to the oral modality of administration and to facilitate the accumulation of the associated peptide at the intestinal level.