Analysis of the origin of the distribution of CO in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean in 2007 (original) (raw)

Abstract

We show carbon monoxide (CO) distributions at different vertical levels over the subtropical southern Indian Ocean, analyzing an observation campaign using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectrometry performed in 2007 at Reunion Island (21°S, 55°E). The CO pollution levels detected by the FTIR measurements during the campaign show a doubling of the CO total columns during the Southern Hemisphere

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (54)

  1. Annegarn, H. J., L. Otter, R. J. Swap, and R. J. Scholes (2002), Southern Africa's ecosystem in a test-tube: A perspective on the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000), S. Afr. J. Sci., 98, 111-113.
  2. Baray, J. L., G. Ancellet, F. G. Taupin, M. Bessafi, S. Baldy, and P. Keckhut (1998), Subtropical tropopause break as a possible stratospheric source of O 3 in the tropical troposphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 60(1), 27-36.
  3. Barret, B., et al. (2008), Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: A study based upon the assim- ilation of spaceborne observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3231-3246.
  4. Berthet, G., J. G. Esler, and P. H. Haynes (2007), A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18102, doi:10.1029/2006JD008295.
  5. Bevan, S. L., P. R. J. North, W. M. F. Grey, S. O. Los, and S. E. Plummer (2009), Impact of atmospheric aerosol from biomass burning on Amazon dry-season drought, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D09204, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD011112.
  6. Bremer, H., et al. (2004), Spatial and temporal variation of MOPITT CO in Africa and South America: A comparison with SHADOZ ozone and MODIS aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12304, doi:10.1029/2003JD004234.
  7. Clain, G., J. L. Baray, R. Delmas, R. Diab, J. Leclair de Bellevue, P. Keckhut, F. Posny, J. M. Metzger, and J. P. Cammas (2009), Tropospheric O 3 clima- tology at two Southern Hemisphere tropical/subtropical sites, (Reunion Island and Irene, South Africa) from ozonesondes, LIDAR, and in situ aircraft measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1723-1734.
  8. Clain, G., J. L. Baray, R. Delmas, P. Keckhut, and J.-P. Cammas (2010), A Lagrangian approach to analyse the tropospheric ozone climatology in the tropics: Climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange at Reunion Island, Atmos. Environ., 44, 968-975.
  9. Cooke, W. F., B. Koffi, and J. M. Grégoire (1996), Seasonality of vegeta- tion fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to a global chemistry model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,051-21,065.
  10. Daniel, J. S., and S. Solomon (1998), On the climate forcing of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,249-13,260.
  11. Deeter, M. N., L. K. Emmons, D. P. Edwards, J. C. Gille, and J. R. Drummond (2004a), Vertical resolution and information content of CO profiles retrieved by MOPITT, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15112, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL020235.
  12. Deeter, M. N., et al. (2004b), Evaluation of operational radiances for the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument CO thermal band channels, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03308, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003970.
  13. Deeter, M. N., D. P. Edwards, J. C. Gille, and J. R. Drummond (2007), Sen- sitivity of MOPITT observations to carbon monoxide in the lower tropo- sphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24306, doi:10.1029/2007JD008929.
  14. De Laat, A. T. J., J. Lelieveld, G. J. Roelofs, R. R. Dickerson, and J. M. Lobert (2001), Source analysis of carbon monoxide pollution during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,481-28,495.
  15. Dentener, F., et al. (2006), Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321-4344.
  16. Drummond, J. R., and G. S. Mand (1996), The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument, Overall performance and cal- ibration requirements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 314-320.
  17. Edwards, D. P., et al. (2006a), Satellite-observed pollution from Southern Hemisphere biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14312, doi:10.1029/2005JD006655.
  18. Edwards, D. P., G. Pétron, P. C. Novelli, L. K. Emmons, J. C. Gille, and J. R. Drummond (2006b), Southern Hemisphere carbon monoxide inter- annual variability observed by Terra/Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16303, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007079.
  19. Emmons, L. K., et al. (2004), Validation of Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO retrievals with aircraft in situ profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03309, doi:10.1029/2003JD004101.
  20. Emmons, L. K., G. G. Pfister, D. P. Edwards, J. C. Gille, G. Sachse, D. Blake, S. Wofsy, C. Gerbig, D. Matross, and P. Nédélec (2007), Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) validation exercises during summer 2004 field campaigns over North America, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S02, doi:10.1029/2006JD007833.
  21. Emmons, L. K., D. P. Edwards, M. N. Deeter, J. C. Gille, T. Campos, P. Nédélec, P. Novelli, and G. Sachse (2009), Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) validation through 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1795-1803.
  22. Fu, R., Y. Hu, J. S. Wright, J. H. Jiang, R. E. Dickinson, M. Chen, M. Filipiak, W. G. Read, J. W. Waters, and D. L. Wu (2006), Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 5664-5669.
  23. Galanter, M., H. Levy, and G. R. Carmichael (2000), Impacts of biomass burning on tropospheric CO, NO x , and O 3 , J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6633-6653.
  24. Garstang, M., P. D. Tyson, R. Swap, M. Edwards, P. Kallberg, and J. A. Lindesay (1996), Horizontal and vertical transport of air over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,721-23,736.
  25. Generoso, S., F.-M. Bréon, Y. Balkanski, O. Boucher, and M. Schulz (2003), Improving the seasonal cycle and interannual variations of biomass burning aerosol sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1211-1222.
  26. Giglio, L., J. Descloitres, C. O. Justice, and Y. J. Kaufman (2003), An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 87, 273-282.
  27. Hoskins, B. J., and M. J. Rodwell (1995), A model of the Asian summer monsoon. Part I: the global scale, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1329-1340. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001), Climate Change 2001, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
  28. Kanakidou, M., and P. J. Crutzen (1999), The photochemical source of car- bon monoxide: Importance, uncertainties and feedbacks, Chemosphere, 1, 91-109.
  29. Kar, J., et al. (2004), Evidence of vertical transport of carbon monoxide from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23105, doi:10.1029/2004GL021128.
  30. Leclair De Bellevue, J., A. Réchou, J. L. Baray, G. Ancellet, and R. D. Diab (2006), Signatures of stratosphere to troposphere transport near deep convective events in the southern subtropics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24107, doi:10.1029/2005JD006947.
  31. Lelieveld, J., et al. (2002), Global air pollution crossroads over the Medi- terranean, Science, 298, 794-799.
  32. Li, Q. L., et al. (2001), A tropospheric ozone maximum over the Middle East, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(D17), 3235-3238.
  33. Li, Q. L., et al. (2005), Convective outflow of South Asian pollution: A global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14826, doi:10.1029/2005GL022762.
  34. Logan, J. A., M. J. Prather, S. C. Wofsy, and M. B. McElroy (1981), Tropo- spheric chemistry: A global perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7210-7254.
  35. Marenco, A., J. C. Medale, and S. Prieur (1990), Study of tropospheric ozone in the tropical belt (Africa, America) from STRATOZ and TROPOZ campaigns, Atmos. Environ., 11, 2823-2834.
  36. McMillan, W. W., et al. (2003), Tropospheric carbon monoxide measure- ments from the Scanning High-Resolution Interferometer Sounder on 7 September 2000 in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8492, doi:10.1029/2002JD002335.
  37. Olivier, J., J. Van Aardenne, F. Dentener, V. Pagliari, L. Ganzeveld, and J. Peters (2005), Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: Regional trends 1970-2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000, Environ. Sci., 2(2), 81-99.
  38. Pak, B. C., et al. (2003), Measurements of biomass burning influences in the troposphere over southeast Australia during the SAFARI 2000 dry season campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8480, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002343.
  39. Park, M., W. J. Randel, A. Gettelman, S. T. Massie, and J. H. Jiang (2007), Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16309, doi:10.1029/2006JD008294.
  40. Randriambelo, T., J. L. Baray, and S. Baldy (2000), The effect of biomass burning, convective venting, and transport on tropospheric O 3 over the Indian ocean: Reunion Island field observations, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D9), 11,813-11,832.
  41. Ridley, B. A., S. Madronich, R. B. Chatfield, J. G. Walega, R. E. Shetter, M. A. Carroll, and D. D. Montzka (1992), Measurements and model simu- lations of the photostationary state during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment: Ozone production and loss rates, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,275-10,388.
  42. Rodgers, C. (2000), Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, vol. 2, World Sci., Singapore.
  43. Senten, C., et al. (2008), Technical Note: New ground-based FTIR measure- ments at Ile de La Réunion: Observations, error analysis, and comparisons with independent data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3483-3508.
  44. Stohl, A., and D. J. Thomson (1999), A density correction for Lagrangian particle dispersion models, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 90(1), 155-167.
  45. Stohl, A., M. Hittenberger, and G. Wotawa (1998), Validation of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART against large-scale tracer experiment data, Atmos. Environ., 32, 4245-4264.
  46. Stohl, A., C. Forster, A. Frank, P. Seibert, and G. Wotawa (2005), Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-2474.
  47. Swap, R. J., H. J. Annegarn, J. T. Suttles, M. D. King, S. Platnick, J. L. Privette, and R. J. Scholes (2003), Africa burning: A thematic anal- ysis of the South African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8465, doi:10.1029/2003JD003747.
  48. Taupin, F. G., M. Bessafi, S. Baldy, and P. J. Bremaud (1999), Tropo- spheric O 3 above the southwestern Indian Ocean is strongly linked to dynamical conditions prevailing in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D7), 8057-8066.
  49. Thompson, A. M. (1992), The oxidizing capacity of the Earth's atmosphere: Probable past and future changes, Science, 256, 1157-1165.
  50. van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, P. S. Kasibhatla, and A. F. Arellano Jr. (2006), Interannual variability in global biomass burning emission from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423-3441.
  51. Vigouroux, C., et al. (2009), Ground-based FTIR and MAX-DOAS obser- vations of formaldehyde at Réunion Island and comparisons with satellite and model data, Atm. Chem. Phys. Disc., 9, 15,891-15,957.
  52. Zachariasse, M., P. van Velthoven, H. Smit, J. Lelieveld, T. Mandal, and H. Kelder (2000), Influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange on tropospheric ozone over the tropical Indian Ocean during the winter monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D12), 15,403-15,416.
  53. J. L. Attié, Laboratoire d'Aérologie, UMR 5560, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/UPS, F-31400 Toulouse, France. J. L. Baray, G. Clain, R. Delmas, and V. Duflot, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, Université de la Réunion, UMR CNRS- Météo-France 8105, F-97715 Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France. (vduflot@univ-reunion.fr)
  54. M. De Mazière, B. Dils, C. Senten, G. Vanhaelewyn, and C. Vigouroux, Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique, 3 Av. Circulaire, B-1180 Bruxelles, Belgium.