Aphid responses to volatile cues from turnip plants (Brassica rapa) infested with phloem-feeding and chewing herbivores (original) (raw)
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Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores
Plant Physiology, 1999
Leaves normally release small quantities of volatile chemicals, but when a plant is damaged by herbivorous insects, many more volatiles are released. The chemical identity of the volatile compounds varies with the plant species and with the herbivorous insect species. These volatiles attract both parasitic and predatory insects that are natural enemies of the herbivores. They may also induce defense responses in neighboring plants. Such chemicals, which function in communication between and among species, as well as those that serve as messengers between members of the same species, are called semiochemicals (from the Greek "semeion," a mark or signal) .
Journal of Pest Science, 2014
Olfactory orientation by aphids is guided by specific volatile blends released from their hosts. Host plants that co-exist with other plants may be less attractive for aphids due to volatile interactions between neighboring plants which can lead to changes in their volatile emissions. These changes in host plant volatile profiles induced by interactions between undamaged plants could be used to manage aphid populations in crops. When potato plants are exposed to volatiles from onion plants, the volatile profile of potato changes in relation to that of unexposed plants with consistently greater quantities of two terpenoids released. We examined the host plant searching behavior of aphids and showed that induced changes in plant volatile emissions affect aphid behavior. We assessed olfactory responses of winged and wingless aphids, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to the changed volatile emissions. Both morphs were significantly less attracted to odors of potato plants that had been exposed to volatiles from onion than to odors of unexposed potato plants. Further, both morphs were significantly less attracted to synthetic blends mimicking volatiles emitted by onionexposed potato plants than to blends mimicking nonexposed controls, and to single compounds emitted in greater quantities by exposed potato. Aphid morphs were repelled differently depending on the concentration of odor sources; winged aphids responded to higher doses than did wingless aphids. The aphid responses to changes in plant volatile profiles induced by neighboring plants may facilitate refinement of habitat manipulation strategies (e.g., intercropping) for integrated pest management to reduce aphid occurrence in crops.
Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 2016
The attractiveness of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) from a specific plant species to natural enemies has been well established. However, under natural conditions and polycultural agriculture systems, the interactions among trophic levels are thought to be more complex. For instance, complex mixtures of volatiles emitted from diverse host plant species infested by polyphagous herbivores might affect responses of natural enemies. In this study, we investigated whether a mixture of HIPVs emitted from herbivore-damaged multiple host plant species affect responses of a predatory bug. Therefore, we report (1) olfactory responses of the predatory bug (Orius strigicollis) to volatiles emitted from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) first instar larvae-damaged multiple plant species (tomato, French bean and sweet corn), (2) chemical analyses of volatiles emitted from the three plant species exposed to different treatments and (3) olfactory responses of the predators to a reconstituted HIPV blend from multiple plant species based on chemical analyses. O. strigicollis significantly preferred volatiles emanating from H. armigera-damaged multiple plant species to volatiles emanating from a single plant species. In all the three plant species, H. armigera-damaged seedlings emitted significantly a greater amount of volatiles as well as a larger number of volatile compounds than an undamaged or a mechanically injured seedling. The predators preferred the reconstituted HIPVs from multiple plant species to the reconstituted HIPVs from a single plant species. Thus, the mixture of HIPVs from multiple plant species enhanced the attractiveness to the predators. Keywords Olfactory responses Á Orius strigicollis Á Multiple host plant species Á Herbivore-induced plant volatiles Á Reconstituted HIPVs Á Y-tube olfactometer Handling Editor: Jarmo Holopainen.
Learning of plant volatiles by aphid parasitoids: timing to learn
Journal of Plant Interactions, 2011
One of the intriguing questions in insectÁplant interaction is how parasitic wasps exploit host herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to find a micro-host habitat (i.e. host-infested plants) that copes with the variation of HIPVs. Associative learning of host-related HIPVs is one of the solutions. Here, we reviewed parasitic wasps of aphids learning a specific blend of HIPVs. Their timing of learning was either (1) learning after emergence, (2) learning at the emergence, or (3) learning at larval and/or pre-pupal stages.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2000
The volatiles released from several aphid and host plant species, alone or associated, were studied for their infochemical role in prey location. Using a four-arm olfactometer, the attraction of several combinations of three aphid (Myzus persicae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and Brevicoryne brassicae) and three plant (Vicia faba, Brassica napus, and Sinapis alba) species toward Adalia bipunctata larvae and adults was observed. Both predatory larvae and adults were attracted only by A. pisum and M. persicae when they were crushed, whatever the host plant. (E)-β-Farnesene, the aphid alarm pheromone, was the effective kairomone for the ladybird. Plant leaves alone (V. faba, B. napus, and S. alba) or in association with nonstressed whole aphids (the three species) did not have any attraction for the predator. The B. brassicae specialist aphid is the only prey that was not attracted to A. bipunctata larvae and adults, even if they were crushed. Release of B. brassicae molecules similar to the host plant allelochemicals was demonstrated by GC-MS analysis. The lack of behavioral response of the ladybird at short distance toward the cruciferous specialist aphid was related only to the absence of (E)-β-farnesene in the aphid prey volatile pattern.
Natural Enemy Attraction to Plant Volatiles
2008
Leaves normally release low levels of volatile chemicals. However, when a plant is damaged by herbivorous insects, the emission of volatile organic compounds increases. The chemical composition varies with the herbivorous insect species as well as the plant species. Volatile phytochemicals can serve as airborne semiochemicals, deterring or promoting interactions between plants and insect herbivores. For example, moths (Heliothis virescens) are repelled by herbivore induced volatiles released from tobacco plants at night; such odor cues may allow females to avoid oviposition on previously damaged plants. For swallowtail butterflies, volatiles from host plants enhance the effect of contact stimulants, increasing landing rates and oviposition relative to non-host plants. Volatile plant signals may also induce defense responses in neighboring plants. Such semiochemicals that function in communication between and among species are emitted from a diverse group of plants and mediate key processes in the behavior of specific insects.
Effects of some leaf-emitted volatile compounds on aphid population increase
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1993
A role of some volatile compounds produced by plant tissues may be as defensive molecules against various pests, including arthropods. Volatile six-carbon compounds derived in plant tissue from polyunsaturated fatty acids via lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase reduced tobacco aphid fecundity at certain concentrations when added to headspace vapor to which aphids were exposed. Both C6 aldehydes and alcohols were effective, with the alcohols having greater activity. (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate at levels in the headspace similar to those of the alcohols and aldehydes did not reduce aphid fecundity. A 6-hr exposure period to the C 6 aldehydes and alcohols was needed for maximum effect on the aphids feeding on tobacco leaves. Analysis of the direct versus indirect effects of these compounds indicates that the volatile aldehydes had both direct effects on aphid fecundity and indirect effects due to induced changes in the leaves upon which the aphids were feeding, while only indirect effects were observed for the alcohols. Tomato leaves have the capacity to produce volatile compounds at levels that impact aphid population increase, with the volatiles produced from crushed leaves having a much larger effect. The C6 aldehydes and alcohols may be components of the fecundity reduction seen with tomato volatiles; however, volatile terpenes showed no effect. These results can be of significance for the genetic alteration of plants for improved aphid resistance.
2004
The volatiles released from several aphid and host plant species, alone or associated, were studied for their infochemical role in prey location. Using a four-arm olfactometer, the attraction of several combinations of three aphid (Myzus persicae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and Brevicoryne brassicae) and three plant (Vicia faba, Brassica napus, and Sinapis alba) species toward Adalia bipunctata larvae and adults was observed. Both predatory larvae and adults were attracted only by A. pisum and M. persicae when they were crushed, whatever the host plant. (E)-β-Farnesene, the aphid alarm pheromone, was the effective kairomone for the ladybird. Plant leaves alone (V. faba, B. napus, and S. alba) or in association with nonstressed whole aphids (the three species) did not have any attraction for the predator. The B. brassicae specialist aphid is the only prey that was not attracted to A. bipunctata larvae and adults, even if they were crushed. Release of B. brassicae molecules similar to the host plant allelochemicals was demonstrated by GC-MS analysis. The lack of behavioral response of the ladybird at short distance toward the cruciferous specialist aphid was related only to the absence of (E)-β-farnesene in the aphid prey volatile pattern.
Host-locating response by the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi to tomato plant volatiles
Journal of Plant Interactions, 2007
The blend of volatile compounds emitted by tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) infested with the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) has been studied comparatively with undamaged plants and aphids themselves. Aphid-infested plants were significantly more attractive towards Aphidius ervi than undamaged plants and aphids themselves. Oriented response towards host-damaged plant, from which aphids were removed just before running the bioassay, did not differ from that recorded for infested plants. Collection of the volatiles and analysis by gas chromatography revealed only quantitative differences between uninfested and aphid-infested plants. Nine compounds, a-pinene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, a-phellandrene, limonene, (E)-b-ocimene, p-cymene, methyl salicylate, (E)-b-caryophyllene and an unknown compound, were emitted at higher levels from aphid-infested plants than from undamaged control plants, whilst no differences were noted for hexanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and humulene (0a-caryophyllene). Synthetic standards of these compounds were tested in wind tunnel bioassays and all elicited a significant increase in oriented flight and landings on the target by the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. (E)-b-caryophyllene resulted the most attractive towards female wasps. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the volatiles produced by the plant in response to aphid attack derive from both jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways, and are exploited by A. ervi as olfactory cues to locate its hosts.
Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Mediate In-Flight Host Discrimination by Parasitoids
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005
Herbivore feeding induces plants to emit volatiles that are detectable and reliable cues for foraging parasitoids, which allows them to perform oriented host searching. We investigated whether these plant volatiles play a role in avoiding parasitoid competition by discriminating parasitized from unparasitized hosts in flight. In a wind tunnel set-up, we used mechanically damaged plants treated with regurgitant containing elicitors to simulate and standardize herbivore feeding. The solitary parasitoid Cotesia rubecula discriminated among volatile blends from Brussels sprouts plants treated with regurgitant of unparasitized Pieris rapae or P. brassicae caterpillars over blends emitted by plants treated with regurgitant of parasitized caterpillars. The gregarious Cotesia glomerata discriminated between volatiles induced by regurgitant from parasitized and unparasitized caterpillars of its major host species, P. brassicae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of headspace odors revealed that cabbage plants treated with regurgitant of parasitized P. brassicae caterpillars emitted lower amounts of volatiles than plants treated with unparasitized caterpillars. We demonstrate (1) that parasitoids can detect, in flight, whether their hosts contain competitors, and (2) that plants reduce the production of specific herbivoreinduced volatiles after a successful recruitment of their bodyguards. As the induced volatiles bear biosynthetic and ecological costs to plants, downregulation of their production has adaptive value. These findings add a new level of intricacy to plantYparasitoid interactions.