Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (NEW RANK), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae) (original) (raw)
Related papers
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2010
Penestomine spiders were first described from females only and placed in the family Eresidae. Discovery of the male decades later brought surprises, especially in the morphology of the male pedipalp, which features (among other things) a retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA). The presence of an RTA is synapomorphic for a large clade of spiders exclusive of Eresidae. A molecular data matrix based on four loci was constructed to test two alternative hypotheses: (1) penestomines are eresids and the RTA is convergent, or (2) penestomines belong within the RTA clade. Taxon sampling concentrated on the Eresidae and the RTA clade, especially outside of the Dionycha and Lycosoidea. Evolution of the cribellum, conventionally characterized as a primitive araneomorph spinning organ lost multiple times, is explored. Parsimony optimization indicates repeated appearances of the cribellum. Exploration of asymmetric rates of loss and gain in both a likelihood framework and using a Sankoff matrix under parsimony reveals that cribellum homology is supported when losses are two times more likely than gains. We suggest that when complicated characters appear (under parsimony optimization) to evolve multiple times, investigators should consider alternative reconstructions featuring a relatively high rate of loss. Evolution of other morphological characters is also investigated. The results imply revised circumscription of some RTA-clade families, including Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae and Hahniidae. Some nomenclatural changes are formally proposed here; others await further investigation. The family Penestomidae (NEW RANK) is established. Tamgrinia, not Neoramia, is the cribellate sister clade of the ecribellate Agelenidae. Tamgrinia and the subfamily Coelotinae are transferred from the family Amaurobiidae to the family Agelenidae. Zanomys and its relatives are not coelotines but belong to a clade tentatively identified as Macrobuninae.
Cladistics, 2016
We test the limits of the spider superfamily Araneoidea and reconstruct its interfamilial relationships using standard molecular markers. The taxon sample (363 terminals) comprises for the first time representatives of all araneoid families, including the first molecular data of the family Synaphridae. We use the resulting phylogenetic framework to study web evolution in araneoids. Araneoidea is monophyletic and sister to Nicodamoidea rank. n. Orbiculariae are not monophyletic and also include the RTA clade, Oecobiidae and Hersiliidae. Deinopoidea is paraphyletic with respect to a lineage that includes the RTA clade, Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae. The cribellate orb-weaving family Uloboridae is monophyletic and is sister group to a lineage that includes the RTA Clade, Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae. The monophyly of most Araneoidea families is well supported, with a few exceptions. Anapidae includes holarchaeids but the family remains diphyletic even if Holarchaea is considered an anapid. The orb-web is ancient, having evolved by the early Jurassic; a single origin of the orb with multiple "losses" is implied by our analyses. By the late Jurassic, the orb-web had already been transformed into different architectures, but the ancestors of the RTA clade probably built orb-webs. We also find further support for a single origin of the cribellum and multiple independent losses. The following taxonomic and nomenclatural changes are proposed: the cribellate and ecribellate nicodamids are grouped in the superfamily Nicodamoidea rank n. (Megadictynidae rank res. and Nicodamidae stat. n.). Araneoidea includes 17 families with the following changes: Araneidae is recircumscribed to include nephilines, Nephilinae rank res., Arkyidae rank n., Physoglenidae rank n., Synotaxidae is limited to the genus Synotaxus, Pararchaeidae is a junior synonym of Malkaridae (syn. n.), Holarchaeidae of Anapidae (syn. n.) and Sinopimoidae of Linyphiidae (syn. n.).
Cladistics, 2012
Phylogenetic relationships among archaeid spider lineages, as well as the placement of archaeids within the Araneomorphae, present a problem in the systematics of spiders. We investigate these relationships by broadly sampling taxa from the Araneomorphae and superfamily Palpimanoidea, as well as from extant and fossil archaeid lineages. Using parsimony and Bayesian methods we perform a total-evidence analysis that includes 126 morphological characters and over 4000 bases from one mitochondrial and three nuclear molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis results in a delimitation of the superfamily Palpimanoidea to contain five families: Archaeidae, Mecysmaucheniidae, Stenochilidae, Palpimanidae and Huttoniidae. We also find the extant archaeids, which are restricted to the southern hemisphere, to be monophyletic, with the fossil archaeids paraphyletic. This phylogenetic framework is then used to interpret a novel morphological character, the highly modified and elevated cephalic area and elongated chelicerae (jaws), coupled with prey choice observations in the field and observations of chelicerae movements during predatory attacks. We conclude that the evolution of the elevated cephalic area, which reoriented the chelicerae muscles, led to highly manoeuvrable chelicerae and associated novel prey capture strategies. All members of Palpimanoidea appear to have modifications to the cephalic area, such as a diastema or sclerotization around the chelicerae bases, and furthermore, members appear to have evolved prey specialization.
Cladistics, 2009
This study infers the higher-level cladistic relationships of linyphiid spiders from five genes (mitochondrial CO1, 16S; nuclear 28S, 18S, histone H3) and morphological data. In total, the character matrix includes 47 taxa: 35 linyphiids representing the currently used subfamilies of Linyphiidae (Stemonyphantinae, Mynogleninae, Erigoninae, and Linyphiinae (Micronetini plus Linyphiini)) and 12 outgroup species representing nine araneoid families (Pimoidae, Theridiidae, Nesticidae, Synotaxidae, Cyatholipidae, Mysmenidae, Theridiosomatidae, Tetragnathidae, and Araneidae). The morphological characters include those used in recent studies of linyphiid phylogenetics, covering both genitalic and somatic morphology. Different sequence alignments and analytical methods produce different cladistic hypotheses. Lack of congruence among different analyses is, in part, due to the shifting placement of Labulla, Pityohyphantes, Notholepthyphantes, and Pocobletus. Almost all combined analyses agree on the monophyly of linyphioids, Pimoidae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae, Mynogleninae, as well as Stemonyphantes as a basal lineage within Linyphiidae. Our results suggest independent origins of the desmitracheate tracheal system in micronetines and erigonines, and that erigonines were primitively haplotracheate. Cephalothoracic glandular specializations of erigonines and mynoglenines apparently evolved independently. Subocular sulci of mynoglenines and lateral sulci (e.g. Bathyphantes) evolved independently but glandular pores in the prosoma proliferated once. The contribution of different character partitions and their sensitivity to changes in traditional analytical parameters is explored and quantified. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
aTOWARDS A PHYLOGENY OF ENTELEGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE)
2000
We propose a phylogeny for all entelegyne families with cribellate members based on a matrix of 137 characters scored for 43 exemplar taxa and analyzed under parsimony. The cladogram confirms the monophyly of Neocribellatae, Araneoclada, Entelegynae, and Orbiculariae. Lycosoidea, Amaurobiidae and some included subfamilies, Dictynoidea, and Amaurobioidea (sensu Forster & Wilton 1973) are polyphyletic. Phyxelidinae Lehtinen is raised to family
Character List : The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders
2017
Here we present character statements for the current analysis, modified after Pepato, da Rocha & Dunlop (2010), Garwood & Dunlop (2014a), and Garwood et al. (2016). We have added numerous characters, to better resolve a number of clades: some for the present study-aimed at providing resolution within the Amblypygids and relatives-but also some to further develop the matrix, and provide better resolution within a number of other clades. New characters, in the order they appear in the list below are: 6. Ozophores, to better resolve relationships within the Opiliones; 13. Anterior median projection of prosomal dorsal shield, seen in numerous groups; 14. Trapezoidal projection of anterior carapace margin, seen in some Amblypygids; 15. Prosomal dorsal shield with keels between the median and lateral eyes, found in the thelyphonids; 36. Basal suture in proximal cheliceral segment found in the Schizomida and Thelyphonida; 38. Cheliceral teeth, and 39. Distal-most cheliceral tooth coded to assess relationships within the Amblypygi; 42. Diaphonous cheliceral teeth to assess internal opilionid relationships; 53. Cheliceral serrula and 54. Cheliceral serrula morphology-to provide resolution between the tetrapulmonat e clades; 55. A cheliceral brush, found in hubbardiid schizomids; 60. Apophyses on patella and tibia of pedipalpti differentiat e between Thelyphonida and Schizomida; 61. Modified patellar apophysis of male pedipalp, found in some thelyphonids; 62. Plane of motion of pedipalps, which codes for all arachnid groups; 63. Pedipalp trochanter with a prominent dorsal flange-a character found in thelyphonids; for assessing relationships within the amblypygids-64. Dorsal row of femoral spines, 65. Ventral
Assembling the Tree of Life—Phylogeny of Spiders: a review of the strictly fossil spider families
The project Assembling the Tree of Life (AToL)-Phylogeny of Spiders is an ambitious, collaborative, six-year project, which aims to construct a robust cladogram for all spider families. The resulting phylogeny will be based on morphological, molecular, behavioural and palaeontological data. Fossil spiders are not considered in current systematic catalogues. As a first step to compiling the required palaeontological data for the AToL project, this paper reviews all previously described fossil spider families. To date, twenty strictly fossil spider families have been described. One has subsequently had extant species discovered (Archaeidae), others have been synonymized with extant families (Acrometidae, Adjutoridae, Arthrodictynidae, Mithraeidae, Mizaliidae), some are valid taxa (Permarachnidae, Juraraneidae, Lagonomegopidae, Baltsuccinidae, Ephalmatoridae, Insecutoridae, Protheridiidae, Spatiatoridae) and others are in need of revision (Arthrolycosidae, Arthromygalidae, Pyritaraneidae, Inceptoridae, Parattidae). None of the fossil specimens attributed to Archaeometidae are spiders.
Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage
 Living fossils are lineages that retained plesiomorphic traits through long time periods. It is expected that such lineages have both originated and diversified long ago. Such expectations have recently been challenged in some textbook examples of living fossils, notably in extant cycads and coelacanths. Using a phylogenetic approach, we tested the patterns of the origin and diversification of liphistiid spiders, a clade of spiders considered to be living fossils due to their retention of arachnid plesiomorphies and their exclusive grouping in Mesothelae, an ancient clade sister to all modern spiders. Facilitated by orig- inal sampling throughout their Asian range, we here provide the phylogenetic framework necessary for reconstructing liphistiid biogeographic history. All phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Liphistiidae and of eight genera. As the fossil evidence supports a Carboniferous Euramerican origin of Mesothelae, our dating analyses postulate a long eastward over-land disper- sal towards the Asian origin of Liphistiidae during the Paleogene (39 – 58 Ma). Contrary to expectations, diversification within extant liphistiid genera is relatively recent, in the Neogene and Late Paleogene (4–39 Ma). While no over-water dispersal events are needed to explain their evolutionary history, the history of liphistiid spiders has potential to play prominently in vicariant biogeographic studies.