Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors (original) (raw)
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Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Collegiate Women
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE, 2009
The purpose of this study was: to validate metabolic equivalents (METs) · hr/week by comparing with maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) as a measure of physical activities, to examine the relationships between METs · hr/week,VO 2 max, and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors according to the goals of METs · hr/week andVO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 for health promotion set in the Exercise Guide 2006, and to examine which is more related with CHD risk factors: METs · hr/week oṙ VO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ? Subjects were 116 collegiate women. MET intensities were assigned to each specific activity.VO 2 max was estimated with a bicycle ergometer. METs · hr/week was significantly correlated (r = 0.514, p < 0.01) withVO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 . After adjusting appropriate confounding factors in the forward stepwise multiple regression analyses, METs · hr/week was significantly positively related with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), while the estimatedVO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 was significantly positively related with HDL-C and total cholesterol (TC) and negatively related with log systolic blood pressure (SBP). After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) in the analysis of covariance, the highest category of METs · hr/week ( 23) had significantly higher HDL-C than other lower categories. The highest category ofVO 2 max ( 33 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) had significantly higher HDL-C and TC and lower SBP than the lowest category. In conclusion, METs · hr/week was valid measures for quantifying physical activity, and the goals of METs · hr/week andVO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 set in the Exercise Guide 2006 were valid.VO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 was related to greater number of CHD risk factors than METs · hr/week in young women.
European Journal of Epidemiology, 2007
Background: It is well established that physical activity level is inversely associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and with all-cause mortality. However, the dose-response relationship between physical activity and other cardiovascular disease risk factors is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to explore the dose-response relationship between daily physical activity, as measured by a metabolic equivalent score, and BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Methods: A total of 1693 men and women, 33-64 years of age, from the 3 year follow-up of a population-based intervention study, were included in this cross-sectional study. Information on physical activity and other lifestyle factors was obtained by self-report questionnaire. Associations between activity level and biological variables were explored by general linear regression. Results: Data from 835 (51%) men and 805 (49%) women were included. Mean age was 50.8 years (33-64). A significant inverse association between average 24hour physical activity level £ 45 METs and waist circumference (men p = 0.012, women p = 0.011), BMI (p = 0.0004), waist-hip-ratio (p = 0.002) and triglycerides (p = 0.0001) was found as well as a positive association with HDL (p = <0.0001). In those with an activity level above 45 METs there were no associations. No association was found with total cholesterol, LDL, systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: This study suggests a linear dose-response relationship between activity level and certain biological cardiovascular risk factors up to a threshold of a daily 24 h MET-score of 45, which corresponds to a moderate physical activity level.
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 2009
Background Physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) are inversely associated with the clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (RF) associated with the metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the role of individual components of PA, that is, intensity, duration and volume, and the inter-relationship with PF in the prevention of the MS and its individual components remains elusive. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Methods The study was based on 1298 (874 male and 424 female) police employees (aged 18-62 years) who participated in the Utrecht Police Lifestyle Intervention Fitness and Training study. PA was assessed with an extensive questionnaire. Peak oxygen uptake and metabolic markers, including blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and waist circumference, were determined. Results The prevalence of the MS was 18.6% (22.5% in men, 10.6% in women). After adjustment for age and sex, average PA intensity, PA duration, PA volume and PF were each associated with reduced odds of MS. Regression analyses further showed an inverse relation between total CVD risk score and average PA intensity, the hours of PA performed at high intensity ( > 6 metabolic equivalent values) and PF, but no relation with total hours or the hours of PA performed at low or moderate intensity. When we adjusted our analyses for PF, the relations with the components of PA became nonsignificant. Using pathway analysis, we found that peak oxygen uptake mediated 78% of the effect of average PA intensity and 93% of the effect of the hours performed at high intensity on total CVD risk score. Conclusion PA and PF are inversely associated with the clustering of metabolic abnormalities. With regard to PA, it seems that intensity and more specifically higher intensity is the main characteristic of PA determining its effect on CVD RF. However, compared with PA, PF exerts greater effects on each of these individual CVD RF and its combination. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 16:677-683
Influence of a physical exercise programme on VO 2 max in adults with cardiovascular risk factors
Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a physical exercise programme on VO 2 max in sedentary subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Materials and methods: The sample was composed of 214 patients (80 males, 134 females) with an average age of 52 years, who were referred to a physical exercise programme from 2 primary care centres of Spanish southeast. It was implemented a 10 week programme (3 training × 1 h/week) combining strength with cardiorespiratory fitness. TheVO 2 max was analysed through the Rockport Walk Test (RWT) comparing the pre and post programme measurements. Results: The results show significant improvements on VO 2 max for both genders (p < 0.05). The most pronounced increase in VO 2 max was among males in the highest age band (56-73 years). Conclusions: Prescribing and referral exercise programmes from primary care centres must be considered as a resource for improving cardiorespiratory fitness in the population studied.
Amount and Intensity of Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Serum Lipids in Men
Physical activity improves one's lipid profile and increases physical fitness. The present study was aimed at determining the association of amount and intensity of leisure time physical activity with serum lipid profile and physical fitness. A total of 537 healthy men aged 20-60 years were recruited in a quota sampling frame for measurement of physical activity energy expenditure at two different levels. The Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire was administered. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured, and all participants were given an exercise test. Physical activities with an intensity greater than 7 kcal/minute were significantly associated (p < 0.01) with a higher level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and a lower atherogenic index (total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol). Independently of other confounding variables, each average 100 kcal/day expended in leisure time physical activity with an intensity greater than 7 kcal/minute during the previous year was associated with an increase of 2.09 mg/dl (0.054 mmol/liter) in HDL cholesterol and a decrease of 0.23 in atherogenic index. However, only physical activity with an intensity greater than 9 kcal/minute was associated with decreases in total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and log(triglycerides). Better physical fitness was associated with physical activities of intensities above 5 kcal/minute. There is a threshold in the intensity of exercise associated with serum lipid profile (7 kcal/minute) and physical fitness (5 kcal/minute). Above the former threshold, the relation between amount of physical activity and lipid levels is linear for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and atherogenic index and is logarithmic for triglycerides. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:562-9.
The Effect of Physical Activity on Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors
Age (yrs), 2012
Creating an active lifestyle with physical activity is the best prevention of CAD and its risk factors. The aim of this Cross-sectional study was compare of serum concentration of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a) and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in selected groups (Active, Sedentary,; who were voluntarily participated, was based on NHIS and PA-R questionnaire (N=3*15). Fasting blood sample was taken for measuring serum concentration of fibrinogen (A: 287.86 ± 51.56, S: 299.80 ± 49.21 and CAD: 307.20 ± 63.80 mg/dl), Homocysteine (A: 11.73 ± 2.62, S: 12.40 ± 3.86 and CAD: 11.96 ± 5.11 µmol/L), Lipoprotein(a) (A: 18.06 ± 11.11, S: 22.06 ± 13.99 and CAD: 28.33 ± 7.20 mg/dl ) and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A: 4.26 ± 0.36, S: 4.73 ± 13.37 and CAD: 5.25 ±1.32%). Data analysis with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05). Mean differences of Homocysteine (p=0.898) and fibrinogen (p=0.630) between groups were not significant. Mean differences of Lipoprotein(a) between active and CAD group was significant (p=0.009). Mean differences of Glycosylated Hemoglobin between active and CAD (p=0.002) and between inactive and CAD (p=0.046) were significant. Therefore morning exercise training has not any desirable effects on these risk factors in this study and more studies need to be done to clarify the optimum levels of intensity, duration and type of exercise for desirable change in this risk factors level. ] these changes should be represented as the differences between active and sedentary groups, while this results not been observed in this study. Chronic hyperglycemia, diet, heredity, overweight and obesity (especially abdominal obesity), age, sex, hypertension, lipid disorders, body mass index, severity and duration of exercise training are the factors influencing the serum concentration of lipoprotein(a) and glycosylated hemoglobin. In this study, factors such as age, sex, BMI, body mass, supplements and pharmaceuticals intake and CAD-related diseases such as diabetes and hypertension controlled by questionnaire. But, the optimal control of other factors such as diet, smoking, obesity and heredity were impossible. The optimal level of intensity, duration and type of exercise training to reduce these risk factors are unknown. So, to clarify the effect of exercise training on lipoprotein(a), glycosylated hemoglobin, homocysteine and fibrinogen levels more study must be designed and implemented.
Effects of Exercise Intensity on Physical Fitness and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Obesity, 2003
OKURA, TOMOHIRO, YOSHIO NAKATA, AND KIYOJI TANAKA. Effects of exercise intensity on physical fitness and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Obes Res. 2003;11:1131-1139. Objective: To determine whether "low-intensity" exercise (walking) and "high-intensity" exercise (aerobic dance), when added to a weight loss diet, have different effects on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and physical fitness. Research Methods and Procedures: Ninety obese women were divided into diet only (DO), diet plus walking (DW), and diet plus aerobic dance (DA) groups. DXA was used to evaluate segmental body composition. Leg-extension strength and maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2max) were the indicators of physical fitness. Blood pressure, lipoproteins, and fasting glucose were used as indices for CHD risk factors. These items were measured before and after a 14-week intervention period. Results: Whole-body plus all segmental fat masses were significantly reduced (p Ͻ 0.001). Reductions in wholebody and lower-limb fat-and bone-free masses were significantly less (p Ͻ 0.01) in the DA group (Ϫ1.5 and Ϫ0.1 kg, respectively) compared with the DO (Ϫ2.1 and Ϫ0.4 kg, respectively) and DW (Ϫ2.5 and Ϫ0.5 kg, respectively) groups. Improvements in leg-extension strength and V O 2max were significantly greater (p Ͻ 0.05) in the DA group compared with the DO group. The CHD risk factors clearly improved (p Ͻ 0.05) within each group. Reductions in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and fasting glucose were significantly greater (p Ͻ 0.05) in the DA group compared with the DO and DW groups. Discussion: Adding higher intensity aerobic dance to a weight-loss diet program may help maintain fat-and bonefree mass and may be more effective in improving CHD risk factors compared with low-intensity walking.
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
Background Since cardiorespiratory fitness is an important predictor for all-cause mortality, it is of interest to know if meeting the physical activity (PA) recommendations is associated with higher levels of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). We aimed to investigate the association between total PA level given as counts per minute (cpm) and minutes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and VO2max in new fitness club members. Methods A total of 62 men and 63 women (≥ 18 years), defined as healthy (no disease considered to hinder PA) participated in this study. VO2max (mL kg−1 min−1) was measured with a cardiopulmonary exercise (modified Balke protocol), and total PA level was measured with ActiGraph GT1M for seven consecutive days. All participants accumulating ≥ 10 h of activity recordings ≥ 4 days were included in the data analysis. To examine associations between PA level and VO2max, a Pearson correlation and a multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for covariates were used. Res...
Dose Response Between Physical Activity and Risk of Coronary Heart DiseaseClinical Perspective
Circulation, 2011
Background-No reviews have quantified the specific amounts of physical activity required for lower risks of coronary heart disease when assessing the dose-response relation. Instead, previous reviews have used qualitative estimates such as low, moderate, and high physical activity. Methods and Results-We performed an aggregate data meta-analysis of epidemiological studies investigating physical activity and primary prevention of CHD. We included prospective cohort studies published in English since 1995. After reviewing 3194 abstracts, we included 33 studies. We used random-effects generalized least squares spline models for trend estimation to derive pooled dose-response estimates. Among the 33 studies, 9 allowed quantitative estimates of leisure-time physical activity. Individuals who engaged in the equivalent of 150 min/wk of moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity (minimum amount, 2008 US federal guidelines) had a 14% lower coronary heart disease risk (relative risk, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.96) compared with those reporting no leisure-time physical activity. Those engaging in the equivalent of 300 min/wk of moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity (2008 US federal guidelines for additional benefits) had a 20% (relative risk, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.88) lower risk. At higher levels of physical activity, relative risks were modestly lower. People who were physically active at levels lower than the minimum recommended amount also had significantly lower risk of coronary heart disease. There was a significant interaction by sex (Pϭ0.03); the association was stronger among women than men. Conclusions-These findings provide quantitative data supporting US physical activity guidelines that stipulate that "some physical activity is better than none" and "additional benefits occur with more physical activity." (Circulation. 2011; 124:789-795.)