Outlines of a psychoanalytically informed cultural psychology (original) (raw)

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Abstract

Sense-making-the process by which people turn their experience into a meaningful experience, which has a value, a relationship with other events, and about which they can think or communicate-sense-making is a core psychological phenomenon, and therefore, represents an essential challenge for psychological enquiry.

What Are Sense Making Practices?

Sociological Inquiry, 1976

The fornzation of the concept "sense making practices" in ethnomethodology receives attention. The referents and uses of the concept suggest that "sense making practices" form a family rather than a class. Thus claims abottt new family members rim a risk o f intelligibility. Finally, the search f o r rtniversully invariant properties is frrndamentally misguided. Family membership is a matter of family resemblance.

In the moment: Toward an embodied account of sense making

Sensemaking plays a central role in determining human behavior within organizations . Dominant scholarly perspectives have tended to view sensemaking through a psychosocial lens , which examine individual characteristics that taken together do not fully account for the complexity of this human phenomenon. Recent research supports the value of changing the way we conceptualize sensemaking, one that takes into account the reciprocal and mutually influencing aspects of body, mind, and environment.

What Happens Inside, Happens Outside: A Human Sense Making Framework

Making sense of a situation or issue, particularly if it is confusing, ambiguous or paradoxical, also requires sense to be made of human nature, of the cognitive and comprehension processes of those people who are trying to make sense of the situation. The perceptions of the situation or issue, what is imagined and what is sensed, occur at the boundary of the inner and the outer world and form the basis of the orientation process through which a person actually makes sense of the world. Most of this perceptual flow across the boundary between inner and outer worlds takes place unconsciously and so is often disregarded in typical sense making procedures. Instead of working with human nature as an animated perceptual flow, it is typically viewed as a set of inanimate categories or dimensions, which can be statically and prescriptively described. Rather than attempting to work with human nature in this mechanistic and largely ineffective manner, a human sense making framework is described, which actively engages with unconscious perceptual flows by working with language as a flow of dynamic vectors rather than just a set of simple static descriptions. This human sense making framework enables individuals and groups to orient themselves in complex and uncertain situations, so providing much greater levels of situational awareness. Introduction The behaviour of human beings, by their very nature, can often appear to be complex, irrational and paradoxical. Rather than embracing human nature and actively navigating its rich complexity, it can seem much easier to view it in a simplistic manner by describing it in the prescriptive categories and dimensions of psychometrics. One of the main reasons for using this simplistic approach is that it seems to provide an apparent level of certainty in understanding human nature and predicting human behaviour. The reality is, however, that this simplistic approach often results in situations where human nature becomes idealised and pathologised. Rather than attempting to describe an individual and their personality characteristics by placing them in a tightly defined prescriptive type, or locating them at some point along a trait dimension, an alternative approach is to place the individual at the centre of their own knowledge and experience, inviting them to engage with the dynamic feedforward– feedback perceptual loop across the boundary between their inner and their outer worlds. Standing at the centre of their knowledge and experience also naturally places an individual in the centre of a circle of their perceptions, with the circumference of the circle being the boundary between their inner and their outer worlds. This circle of understanding and awareness is neither fixed nor rigid. It is constantly and dynamically moving as perceptions emerge, exist and evolve along the boundary between inner and outer worlds.

Sensemaking in a Senseless World

Sensemaking is a common activity in the analysis of a large or complex amount of information. This active area of HCI research asks how DO people come to understand such difficult sets of information? The information workplace is increasing dominated by high velocity, high volume, complex information streams. At the same time, understanding how sensemaking operates has become an urgent need in an era of increasingly unreliable news and information sources. While there has been a huge amount of work in this space, the research involved is scattered over a number of different domains with differing approaches. This workshop will focus on the most recent work in sensemaking, the activities, technologies and behaviors that people do when making sense of their complex information spaces. In the second part of the workshop we will work to synthesize a cross-disciplinary view of how sensemaking works in people, along with the human behaviors, biases, proclivities, and technologies required to support it.

In the Moment: A Phenomenological Case Study of the Dynamic Nature of Awareness and Sensemaking

ABSTRACT Sensemaking plays a central role in determining human behavior within organizations (Weick, 1979; 1995; Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, 2005). Sensemaking is an effort to give stability to the organizational environment by paying attention to it. Sensemaking is focused on and by extracted cues, among other properties. We pay attention and extract a particular cue, then link it with some other idea that clarifies the meaning of the cue (Weick, 1995). In essence, individuals decide what to pay attention to. In today’s complex, dynamic and often ambiguous organizational environments, “Social, technical and political variables are interacting in confusing and unpredictable ways (Wright, 2004, p. 5). Such environments create a significant “amount of meaningless noise which the individual has to select and transform into meaningful, sensed communication” (Pitasi, 2002, p. 1). The complexities of today’s organizations call for an expanded view of the sensemaking process, one that takes into account the subjective, present-moment aspects of the phenomenon (Maitlis & Sonenshein, 2010). This phenomenological case study takes place in situ at a regional healthcare system and explores how individual awareness contributes to one’s ability to make sense of his or her environment, revealing the interdependent, reciprocal and mutually constitutive processes at work in this psychosocial and biologically embodied phenomenon. Specifically, awareness is necessary for sensemaking, but is not sufficient; intersubjectivity supports key dimensions of the sensemaking process and embodied responses, which show up as autonomic impression (physical and emotional responses) are reflective of the way in which sensemaking manifests in subjective experience.

A Qualitative Research Method to Explore Meaning-Making Processes in Cultural Psychology

2019

In diesem Beitrag fuhren wir die "Developmentally Oriented Thematic Analysis" (DOTA) ein, ein Verfahren zur prozessorientierten intra- und interindividuellen Analyse im Rahmen von Fallstudien. Wir skizzieren hierzu zunachst die wesentlichen methodologischen Uberlegungen, die uns bei der Konzeption dieses Ansatzes zur Untersuchung mehrschichtiger affektiver Prozesse, der auf erfahrungsbasierte und existenzielle Schichten der Sinngebung zielt, geleitet haben. Zur Veranschaulichung nutzen wir Tagebucheintrage von Kursteilnehmer/innen an einer norwegischen Universitat, die wir gebeten hatten, mittels dieser Eintrage ihre Kurserfahrungen u.a. mit einer Schweigezeit an jedem Morgen zu reflektieren. Die prozessorientierten Erzahlungen verdeutlichen die koexistierenden Richtungen hoherer psychologischer Funktionen und den Grad der (Nicht-) Differenzierung der jeweils involvierten affektiven Prozesse. Gerade der Fokus auf Schweigephanomene war besonders hilfreich fur einen bessere...

Cognitive mechanisms in sensemaking: A qualitative user study

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2019

Throughout an information search, a user needs to make sense of the information found to create an understanding. This requires cognitive effort that can be demanding. Building on prior sensemaking models and expanding them with ideas from learning and cognitive psychology, we examined the use of cognitive mechanisms during individual sensemaking. We conducted a qualitative user study of 15 students who searched for and made sense of information for business analysis and news writing tasks. Through the analysis of think-aloud protocols, recordings of screen movements, intermediate work products of sensemaking, including notes and concept maps, and final reports, we observed the use of 17 data-driven and structure-driven mechanisms for processing new information, examining individual concepts and relationships, and detecting anomalies. These cognitive mechanisms, as the basic operators that move sensemaking forward, provide in-depth understanding of how people process information to produce sense. Meaningful learning and sensemaking are closely related, so our findings apply to learning as well. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the sensemaking process-how people think-and this better understanding can inform the teaching of thinking skills and the design of improved sensemaking assistants and mind tools.

Human Nature for Human Beings: A Human Sense Making Process

Sense making is the process that we naturally use to orient ourselves to issues and situations so that we can understand them. The process of sense making is typically considered to be a consciously linear and logical step-by-step procedure, either taking place in the inner world of an individual, or occurring in the outer world in a social context. The actual process of human sense making, however, does not exclusively take place in either the inner or outer world but takes place at the boundary of inner and outer worlds. Rather than being a consciously linear approach where sense is made of a situation through passive observation, human sense making occurs iteratively at a largely unconscious level through the active generation of imagery. This unconscious perceptual flow, forwards and backwards across the boundary between inner and outer worlds, can be actively engaged with by using the imagery that is being generated. Engaging with this flow of imagery enables a person to become more self-aware and this situated awareness provides the capacity to make sense of situations that may initially seem confusing, ambiguous and paradoxical. A process for actively engaging with the unconscious cognitive and comprehension processes of natural human sense making is described. Introduction Sometimes conventional sense making processes just don't seem to make sense. Even when the most rational people apply the most logical sense making procedures, they may still find themselves feeling disoriented and unable to make sense of a situation or issue. The typical response to this disorientation and lack of a sensible understanding is to attempt to gather even more data so that the situation or issue can be completely understood. This tends to result in a very mechanistic sense making procedure where there is always a single, simple right answer, which will inevitably be arrived at through a rational step-by-step method. A mechanistic step-by-step procedure may be of some use when working with inanimate systems but tends to be far less effective when working with the animate processes of human cognition and comprehension. All humans have the innate capacity to make sense of complex, confusing and ambiguous situations but it requires them to engage with their natural human sense making abilities as well as using more logical and apparently rational methods. These natural human sense making processes, however, are often dismissed as being of no value because they appear to be irrational and subjective, based on emotion and myth, rather than hard facts and tangible data.

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Field and dynamic nature of sensemaking. Theoretical and methodological implications

In this paper a dynamic and semiotic model of meaning (DSMM) is presented. According to it: a) meaning is the emergent product of a field dynamics; b) meaning consists of the way signs iteratively combine with each other in the local circumstances of communication; c) meaning is bivalent, i.e. it emerges from the iterative mutually constitutive tension between two components: an observable side, the Significance in Praesentia (SIP), namely the portion of the world used as sign, and a latent side, the Significance in Absentia (SIA), namely the pertinent gestalt of linkages among signs defining the condition of interpretability of the former. In the second part of the work some methodological implications of DSMM for the study of meaning are highlighted. In particular, emphasis is given to the wisdom of adopting a methodology being able to model the contingency and situativity of socio-symbolic phenomena.

Field and Dynamic Nature of Sensemaking. Theoretical and

2013

Making Sense as a Cultural Practice. Historical Perspectives

In the cultural and social formations of the past, practices exist for the generation and integration of moments having and giving sense with the objective of strengthening the cultural and social cohesion. Such practices and processes have a constructive character, even if this is not always the intention of the actors themselves. As the production of sense is one of the central fields of action of cultural and political practice, the articles examine with an interdisciplinary perspective how, in different contexts, the construction of sense was organized and implemented as a cultural practice.

Sensemaking revisited

Management Learning, 2013

We critique and extend theory on organizational sensemaking around three themes. First, we investigate sense arising non-productively and so beyond any instrumental relationship with things; second, we consider how sense is experienced through mood as well as our cognitive skills of manipulation based on standard categories, frames or narratives and third, we consider sense being governed by exposure to unknown possibility rather than retrospective assessment. We set these themes in the context of the study of Heidegger and discuss the implications of our theorization for further sensemaking research by revisiting Weick’s seminal reading of Norman Maclean’s book surrounding the tragic events of a 1949 forest fire at Mann Gulch, USA.

The discursive dynamic of sensemaking

Commentaries 11 The dialogical self as (atmospherically) mediated within a socio-cultural sphere: a socio-cultural approach to the formation of the self 213

Sense making as communication

Soziale Systeme, 2010

ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel analysiert, wie Niklas Luhmann in der Entwicklung seiner Systemtheorie die Phänomenologie Husserls verwendet. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Sinnbegriff. Beginnend mit Analysen von Luhmanns Übernahme Husserlianischer Begriffe wie Sinn, Noesis-Noema-Korrelation, Identität und Horizont, behandelt der Artikel die Frage, wie Luhmann eine Theorie kommunikativer Sinngebung konstruiert. Diese Analyse führt zunächst zu einer Diskussion über die Unterschiede zwischen Luhmann und der soziologischen Phänomenologie. Am Ende des Artikels wird die Verwendung der Theorie als Grundlage für die empirische Forschung erörtert, ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem medialen Diskurs.

Understanding the Role of Emotion in Sense-making. A Semiotic Psychoanalytic Oriented Perspective

Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 2008

We propose a model of emotion grounded on Matte Blanco's theory of the unconscious. According to this conceptualization, emotion is a generalized representation of the social context actors are involved in. We discuss how this model can help to understand the sensemaking processes better. For this purpose we present a hierarchical model of sensemaking based on the distinction between significance -the content of the sign -and sense -the psychological value of the act of producing the sign in the given contingence of the social exchange. According to this model, emotion categorization produces the frame of sense regulating the interpretation of the sense of the signs, therefore the psychological value of the sensemaking.

Sensemaking: Bringing theories and tools together

Proceedings of The Asist Annual Meeting, 2006

This work is an attempt to reconcile three separate but influential threads in study of sensemaking. The first two of these are theories from different domains, human computer interaction (HCI) and social/organizational psychology. The last thread is that of design, of sensemaking support tools. Integrated, these three threads form a strong foundation for researchers, tool-designers and ultimately sensemakers themselves. Understanding and supporting the special role of people-people interaction can help us tie these separate threads together. This synthesis also suggests further research that can expand our understanding of sensemaking.

Sensemaking processes and Weickarious learning

The processes by which people learn to make sense and make sense to learn is of both theoretical and practical importance. In a world suffuse with dynamic complexity in which unusual, unexpected and unprecedented events occur on a persistent basis, this challenges the relevance of the sensemaking perspective. We put forward a rebalanced model of sensemaking to make the sensable once again sensible, and open up the sensemaking perspective to understand learning as a process that is more than mere interpretation and attends to embodied sensemaking through adopting a thorough-going process approach. This way, we extend both the grasp and the reach of the sensemaking perspective to make sense of learning and to learn to make sense.

SensePath: Understanding the Sensemaking Process through

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2015

Fig. 1: Four linked views of SensePath. A: The timeline view shows all captured sensemaking actions in temporal order. B: The browser view displays the web page where an action was performed. C: The replay view shows the screen capture video and can automatically jump to the starting time of an action when it is selected in another view. D: The transcription view displays detailed information of selected actions (the highlighted ones in the timeline view).

Outlines of a psychoanalytically informed cultural psychology (original) (raw)

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