Micro-fungi and mycotoxins in poultry dust (original) (raw)
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World Mycotoxin Journal, 2015
Employees at grain elevators and compound feed mills are exposed to large amounts of grain dust during work, frequently leading to airway symptoms and asthma. Although the exposure to grain dust, microorganisms, β-1→3-glucans and endotoxins has been extensively studied, the focus on the mycotoxin content of grain dust has previously been limited to one or few mycotoxins. Our objective was therefore to screen settled grain dust from grain elevators and compound feed mills for fungal metabolites by LC/MS-MS and explore differences between work places, seasons and climatic zones. Seventy fungal metabolites and two bacterial metabolites were detected. Trichothecenes, depsipeptides, ergot alkaloids, and other metabolites from Fusarium, Claviceps, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and other fungi were represented. The prevalence of individual metabolites was highly variable, and the concentration of each metabolite varied considerably between samples. The prevalence and concentration ...
Poultry Science, 2017
Mycotoxins, the toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, particularly produced by many species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, have affected animal and human health for over thousand years, whereas little has been discovered so far about these complex substances in poultry, which are generally very sensitive. Even though it varies by species and sex, some common effects are reduced feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, growth performance, immunity and hatchability along with increased mortality, organ damages (mainly kidney and liver), carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and decreased egg production. Besides their adverse health effects and the decrease in production rate, concerns over their importance in public health is still under debate. Decontamination approaches to reduce mycotoxins in feed are technologically diverse and based on chemical, biological and physical strategies. Chemical remediation strategies involve the conversion of mycotoxins via chemical reactions. Biological strategies involve various substances such as plant ingredients, enzymes and microorganisms. Physical processes include sorting, milling, dehulling, cleaning, heating, irradiation or combinational approaches. New strategies for the prevention and treatment of mycotoxicosis, including beneficial microorganisms/products, along with alternative treatments, including plant extracts/essential oils, are current hot topics in the poultry industry.
Undergraduate thesis, 2019
Globally, the poultry industry is the fastest-growing agricultural subsector, driven by a combination of push and pull factors. Basic factors driving global demand for animal protein (particularly chicken) are increased earning power against a background of falling prices, urbanization and the resultant shift in consumption patterns as well as rapid population growth. Fungal contamination of poultry feed, with the consequent mycotoxin production, is one of the major threats to human and animal health. This study focused on identifying the possible types of fungi in the commercially prepared feed. The aim of the study was to evaluate and ascertain the mycological safety of poultry feeds and mycotoxins from the aflatoxins group in poultry feeds used by the Animal and Wildlife Sciences Department (AWS) at Midlands State University. Three different feed types were analyzed for fungal contamination, these included starter, growers and layers mesh. For the purpose of this study, 15 feed samples were collected from the AWS Department at MSU and the moisture content of feed samples determined on the sampling day. The samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) to isolate the fungi, single spore isolation was done on PDA to obtain single spore growth and pure culture. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were used to identify different fungi. Methanol extraction method was used to extract the aflatoxins and the spectrophotometer was used to quantify the aflatoxins by measuring the absorbance. The mean percentage moisture of feed ranged from 6.41-8.02% and moisture content was within the standard moisture range. Feed influences the amount of moisture content (ANOVA, p-value=0.000). Three different fungi were observed in this study, which were Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Yeast, with Yeast being the most frequently isolated fungus, with FR of 93.33%, Aspergillus FR was 46.67% and Rhizopus FR was 20%. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (-0.315) indicated that Yeast was the most abundant fungus. The diversity index of all the fungi was 0.935, species diversity was moderate in the feed samples analyzed. All the 3 feed types tested positive for aflatoxins and the mean average aflatoxin concentration ranged from 0.5328-0.6596nm. Feed influences the concentration of aflatoxins (ANOVA p<0.05, p-value=0.0403). Recorded results indicated that the levels of aflatoxins in feeds used by the AWS department were within the requirements of the binding standards. This study ascertained the mycological safety of poultry feeds, and also highlighted some ways of minimizing feed contamination during handling and identified the different types of fungi, and toxins associated with the fungal contamination in feeds of poultry. This information is helpful to farmers and other people interested in poultry production, as they can have an insight into some of the common fungi that contaminate poultry feed.
Occurrences and frequency of fungi and detection of mycotoxins on poultry rations in Yemen
Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 2018
Background: Fungi were grown elsewhere in the soil, water, and food, and fungi cause many of the problems during growth on food in stores. This study investigated the occurrence and frequency of fungi in four governorates in Yemen. Twenty-nine site samples of poultry rations were collected from four governorates in Yemen, in order to study the occurrence of fungi and production of mycotoxins. Results: Fungi associated and isolated from poultry ration were identified as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus carneus, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium spp., Mucor sp., and Rhizopus nigricans. Frequency from Sana'a companies showed that F. moniliforme was significantly dominant (38.82%), followed by Aspergillus flavus (15.84%) and Aspergillus candidus (16.44%). While, from Taiz companies showed that Aspergillus flavus significantly was dominant (35.78%), followed by Fusarium moniliforme (29.26%). The results indicated that the samples collected from Taiz companies showed that high concentrations of aflatoxins ranged 26-45 ppb, than other samples which were collected from Sana'a while the fumonisins were 1-5.9 ppm. Moreover, lower concentrations of fumonisins were collected from Taiz companies (0.65-0.93 ppm). Aflatoxins in samples collected from farmer's poultry in Taiz and Dhamar were 42.5 ppb. Also in samples from Sana'a and Ibb, the high concentration found is 39 ppb. The maximum significant mean of aflatoxins production was 25.2 ppb at 25°C. Aflatoxins production was decreased at lower or higher tested temperature (3.6, 9.93 ppb) at 15°C and 35°C respectively. Similarly, fumonisin produced at 25°C was 1.65 ppm, but decreased at lower or higher temperatures tested 1.3 and 0.54 ppm at (15°C and 35°C respectively. Conclusion: This study found that the poultry rations were highly contaminated by fungi. Moreover, some of the fresh samples contain high level of aflatoxins and fumonisin. On the other hand, this level may cause significant economic losses in the poultry industry in Yemen.
Evaluation of Microbiological and Chemical Contaminants in Poultry Farms
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016
The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbiological and chemical contamination in settled dust at poultry farms. The scope of research included evaluating the contributions of the various granulometric fractions in settled dust samples, assessing microbial contamination using culture methods, concentrations of secondary metabolites in dust and their cytotoxicity against hepatocyte chicken cells by means of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tests. In addition, we also evaluated the concentration of selected volatile odorous compounds (VOCs) using gas chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods and airborne dust concentration in the air with DustTrak™ DRX Aerosol Monitor. Studies were carried out on chicken broilers and laying hens at 13 poultry farms, with numbers of birds ranging from 8000 to 42,000. The airborne total dust concentration at poultry farms averaged 1.44 mg/m 3 with a high percentage of the PM 10 fraction (particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 µm). Microorganism concentrations in the settled dust were: 3.2ˆ10 9 cfu/g for bacteria and 1.2ˆ10 6 cfu/g for fungi. Potential pathogens (Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Paecilomyces variotii) were also found. Secondary metabolites included aurofusarin, deoxynivalenol, 15-hydroxyculmorin zearalenone, zearalenone-sulfate, infectopyron, and neochinulin A. However, the dust samples showed weak cytotoxicity towards chicken hepatocyte cells, which ranged between 9.2% and 29.7%. Among volatile odorous compounds ammonia, acrolein, methyloamine, acetic acid, acetoaldehyde and formaldehyde were detected in the air. In conclusion, settled dust can be a carrier of microorganisms, odours and secondary metabolites in poultry farms, which can be harmful to workers' health.
Poultry dust and risks associated with public health
2019
The growing demand for economical and safe meat and egg supply has led to rapid development of the poultry industry. The emergence of industrial farming and the intensification of farm operations have promoted the growth of the poultry industry around the world. Air emissions generated by poultry production are numerous. Dust may contain microorganisms, including end toxins, fungi, and bacteria, that may affect living things when inhaled. Ammonia (NH3) emissions have the potential to contaminate surface waters and are an environmental concern on both a local and global scale. Farmers are occupationally exposed to many respiratory hazards at work and display higher rates of asthma and respiratory symptoms than other workers. Dust is one of the components present in poultry production that increases risk of adverse respiratory disease occurrence. Most poultry producers are already aware of the hazard of poultry dust to worker’s health and the need to ensure that exposure is kept as lo...
Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Poultry Feed for Food-Producing Animals
Moulds are capable of reducing the nutritional value of feedstuff as well as elaborating several mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated feed has adverse effects on animal health and productivity. Also, mycotoxins may be carried over into meat and eggs when poultry are fed with contaminated feed. In a point prevalence study feedstuff used for poultry nutrition in Argentina was analyzed for fungal flora, natural incidence of selected mycotoxins, and nutritional quality. Ten mould genera were recovered, six of them known to be mycotoxigenic. More than 28 species were determined. Fumonisins were detected in all the samples (median 1,750 ppb). Forty-four out of 49 samples (90%) were contaminated with DON (median 222 ppb) and OTA (median 5 ppb). Also, 44 out of 49 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (median 2.685 ppb), 42 samples (86%) with ZEA (median 50 ppb), and 38 samples (78%) with T2-toxin (median 50 ppb). Ninety percent of the samples had at least one type of nutritional deficiency. This study indicates the need for continuous assessment of the mycological status of animal feed production, in order to feed animals for optimal performance ensuring food safety.
Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed in Kuwait
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2006
A survey was conducted at a poultry feed production unit in Kuwait for mycotoxin contamination in the samples of yellow maize, soybean meal, wheat bran used as raw material and the poultry feed prepared for broiler starter, broiler finisher, and layer mash. Individual aflatoxins were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity column purification. Repeated analysis revealed average aflatoxin concentration in maize at 0.27 ppb (range 0 to 1.69 ppb), soybean meal at 0.20 ppb (range 0 to 1.27 ppb), wheat bran at 0.15 ppb (range 0 to 1.07 ppb), prepared poultry feed for broiler starter at 0.48 ppb (range 0 to 3.26 ppb), broiler finisher at 0.39 ppb (range 0 to 1.05 ppb), and layer mash at 0.21 ppb (range 0 to 1.30 ppb). Other mycotoxins (ochratoxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone), were detected by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The average levels of ochratoxin A ranged from 4.6 to 9.6 ppb, fumonisin from 1.4 to 3.2 ppm, DON from 0.17 to 0.29 ppm, and zearalenone from 46.4 to 67.6 ppb in various commodities and prepared feed samples. The study revealed the coexistence of determined mycotoxins, although their concentrations in general were found to be lower than the permissible levels, wherever defined, for the poultry feed.