Troy and the Troad in the Second Millennium: Changing Patterns of Landscape Use - FULLTEXT (original) (raw)
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Wild Goat style ceramics at Troy and the impact of Archaic period colonisation on the Troad
Anatolian Studies http://journals.cambridge.org/ANK
The establishment of colonies along the Hellespont by inhabitants of Ionia, Athens and Lesbos is well-known from historical texts. Recently, stratified contexts at Troy as well as other surveys and excavations have yielded new information about the chronology and material markers of Archaic period settlements in the Troad and the Gallipoli peninsula. The archaeological evidence for colonisation in this region is not clearly seen until the late seventh to early sixth century BC when there is a dramatic change in the material culture. Destruction evidence from Troy indicates that the new settlers probably entered a weakened and depopulated region in the second half of the seventh century BC. The
Despite its manifold innovations, Troy IV is to be seen as an immediate continuation of the local Early Bronze Age culture; Troy V, however, marks the transition to the Middle Bronze Age. In addition to influences from the Aegean region, in both periods various new social and technological elements make their first appearance at Troy, which show that the settlement has become more closely connected to the southeastern and central parts of Anatolia. Based on recent excavation results obtained from Troy, this paper attempts to determine the relevant interregional contacts from a more chronological perspective, with the aim of creating a broader view of the cultural developments that took place in Northwest Anatolia between ca.
Observations on the Troy I Period in the Light of Recent Survey Finds from the Coastal Troad
Recent surveys in the western coast of the Troad, an area facing the Aegean Sea, yielded new finds that represents the typical material culture of the early phases of Troy I. The finds embrace the transitional period between the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age (EBA) known as Kumtepe IB period. It has been well established that the pottery of level I at Troy has close parallels at numerous sites, located both at the coastal regions and at sites far from the coast in Troad, as well as at sites of the adjacent northeastern Aegean Islands. This study aims to examine the typological and chronological aspects of these recent survey finds recently identified at three coastal Troadic sites, namely Külahlı, Larisa-Limantepe and Colonae-Aktaşovası. The soundings carried out in Külahlı, located 1 km west of the Gülpınar, and identified two cultural levels belonging to EBA I and EBA III. The EBA I find from Külahlı displayed close parallels with those of Early Troy I. The surface investigations of Limantepe, near the ancient city of Larisa, yielded pottery typical of the Troy I period. The majority of the pottery found in Aktaşovası near ancient Colonae, also belongs to the early phase of Troy I. The surveys conducted by T. Takaoğlu demonstrated that the western coast of the Troad is rich in finds, representing the pre-Troy I and Troy I periods in the region.
White painted pottery is a widespread phenomenon in prehistoric Western Anatolia both in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age times. From the beginning, the investigations at Troy have yielded white painted fragments in the time of the Trojan first settlement in particular. Due to their relatively scarce occurrence it has been argued that the technique and style of this kind of decoration has been imported or at least influenced from outside, especially from the Yortan region where white painted vessels are known to be typical burial gifts. In this contribution all the hitherto known fragments found at Troy will be presented and discussed in the context of the emergence, distribution and development of the technique of decorating pottery with white painted ornaments in Anatolian prehistory.
Cultural landscapes and troy; an old Anatolian settlement
Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2010
Troy which is located on the straits dividing the continents of Europe and Asia have retained its geographical significance till prehistoric times. Troia/Troy/Truva was excavated by Schliemann, Dörpfeld and Blegen. Troy mound was formed of a series of fortified settlements built one upon another. Not only the site of Troy itself, but also the surrounding terrain has played an important role in the cultural history of mankind. It has been also one of the best known landscapes in the world since prehistoric times. According to the data obtained from the excavations, the city of Troy must have comprised a total at least 200 000m2, ranking it as one of the largest cities of its period within western Anatolia and Eagean realm. Due to the calculations based on area occupied and productivity of the region, reach about 6000-7000 inhabitants. In view of the increasing assets of natural and cultural heritage of the area, the proposals to take care of the Troy, to protect the surrounding landscape and establish a historic national park have received national support. Association with the national park of Gallipoli (Canakkale) Peninsula on the other side of Dardanelles in an integrated planning approach can be a good solution both for the protection and the sustainability of the area. In this article, the city of Troy as one of the best examples of prehistoric settlements of Anatolia was presented. Troy and its near environs was introduced with its natural, historical and cultural aspects. Settlement formation, urban development, building types, construction material and techniques, spatial organizations in the urban fabric were discussed for different layers of the settlement. And the present situation of the area was analyzed in the frame of cultural landscapes and landscape qualities.
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This study deals with animal bone remains (only mammals) from Troy I to III, the so-called the Maritime Troy Culture (c. 3000 – 2000 BC, mainly the Early Bronze Age - EBA). The animal bone remains from the excavations reflect basically the red meat consumption of the ancient societies. The data of Troy were compared first of all within the settlement phases to observe the development of the livestock management. Another comparison of the livestock management with Troy’s neighbouring settlements and archaeological sites in West Anatolia should show the similarities or differences within a culture and between the cultures. The classical methods of archaeozoology were applied to achieve the best results. The animal bone remains were identified according to the respective zoological species and were counted to estimate the proportions of the different domestic animals in the livestock. Bone remains were weighed in order to calculate their contribution to the meat consumption of the inhabitants. The measurable animal bone remains of all kinds were measured to observe the possible chronological developments. Then these results were used to draw conclusions of the domestic animals´ history. Bone remains of all species were classified according to their age distribution in order to determine the killing pattern of domestic animals, which reveals the economical role and the exploitation of the domestic animals. The first two phases of Troy are very similar in the livestock management. However Troy III shows differences: Pigs were now the main meat suppliers instead of cattle. The reason could be related to the stress periods of the town. An increase of pig-breeding allowed the inhabitants to have an easier access to fresh meat. Sheep were the most kept domestic animals. The role of the sheep-breeding changed economically at the beginning of Troy II by the latest. An early race of Wool-sheep was introduced into the livestock. The archaeological findings are supporting this theory clearly. Hunting played no big role at the beginning of the settlement. This changed quite clearly with Troy II and further in Troy III. The animal bone remains are proving that more and more fallow deer were hunted and brought into the settlement. It is possible that they were used as sacrificial animal. This cult was practiced more clearly in the later phases of the town (TR VI & TR VIII). The livestock management of all the settlements in the Troad draw an analogous picture. But the earlier settlement phases in Kumtepe (A and B)(earlier as Troy) prove that the pig-breeding has changed in the course of time: during the Early Copper Age period the farmers have kept less pig and with the EBA the proportion of pigs rises clearly in the livestock. This phenomenon could also be observed in Ulucak – Izmir. The reason might be the phenomenon of "Transhumance" groups. Both settlements were left after the Early Copper Age period and they were not used for awhile. The new settlers, at the Late Copper Age or the EBA, were possibly more sedentary, i.e. the pig-breeding was easier to practice. The livestock management in West Anatolia revealed again a homogeneous picture, particularly in the EBA. Sheep made up the biggest portion of the livestock, except in Karataş-Semayük. However, cattle were the most important meat suppliers. The size of the domestic animals did not become any smaller after their domestication. The biggest differences were found in the wild fauna remains. The existence of wild Equids on the high plateau settlements and their absence on the cost settlements could be explained by the geographic, climatic and ecological differences. The Maritime Troy Culture was followed by the Anatolian Troy Culture. The archaeological and the archaeozoological findings show that Troy III was not a comfortable period. There was a time of dry-climate in West Asian and the settlements there became smaller or were completely abandoned. It is to be expected that the emigrant people searched for new homes. This westward chain-reaction was possibly the reason of the demise of this era in Troy.