A comparison CMJ, simulated and swimming grab-start force recordings and their relationships with the start performance (original) (raw)
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Contribution of hand and foot force to take-off velocity for the kick-start in competitive swimming
Journal of sports sciences, 2016
This study examines the hand and foot reaction force recorded independently while performing the kick-start technique. Eleven male competitive swimmers performed three trials for the kick-start with maximum effort. Three force platforms (main block, backplate and handgrip) were used to measure reaction forces during starting motion. Force impulses from the hands, front foot and rearfoot were calculated via time integration. During the kick-start, the vertical impulse from the front foot was significantly higher than that from the rearfoot and the horizontal impulse from the rearfoot was significantly higher than that from the front foot. The force impulse from the front foot was dominant for generating vertical take-off velocity and the force impulse from the rearfoot was dominant for horizontal take-off velocity. The kick-start's shorter block time in comparison to prior measurements of the grab start was explained by the development of horizontal reaction force from the hands ...
ISBS-Conference …, 2009
The purpose of our study was to develop a system to improve the swimmer's starting technique integrating force and video data. A group of elite swimmers (n=17) took part in the study. Cinematic and kinetic variables of the start technique during the block, flight, and swimming phases until the end of the first 10 m were analysed. The horizontal velocity during the take-off (3,96 m/s) and peak horizontal force applied (917,2 N) did not correlate with the 5 m time (1,79 s). Only the value of the velocity vector before the moment of the hand entry (4,63 m/s) correlated with the 5 m time (r=-0.56). The transformation of the velocity components of the swimmer's centre of mass during the flight to a high horizontal gliding speed seems the more complex problem for the swimmer to resolve and where our future research will be directed.
Effective Swimmer’s Action during the Grab Start Technique
PLOS ONE, 2015
The external forces applied in swimming starts have been often studied, but using direct analysis and simple interpretation data processes. This study aimed to develop a tool for vertical and horizontal force assessment based on the swimmers' propulsive and structural forces (passive forces due to dead weight) applied during the block phase. Four methodological pathways were followed: the experimented fall of a rigid body, the swimmers' inertia effect, the development of a mathematical model to describe the outcome of the rigid body fall and its generalization to include the effects of the inertia, and the experimental swimmers' starting protocol analysed with the inclusion of the developed mathematical tool. The first three methodological steps resulted in the description and computation of the passive force components. At the fourth step, six well-trained swimmers performed three 15 m maximal grab start trials and three-dimensional (3D) kinetic data were obtained using a six degrees of freedom force plate. The passive force contribution to the start performance obtained from the model was subtracted from the experimental force due to the swimmers resulting in the swimmers' active forces. As expected, the swimmers' vertical and horizontal active forces accounted for the maximum variability contribution of the experimental forces. It was found that the active force profile for the vertical and horizontal components resembled one another. These findings should be considered in clarifying the active swimmers' force variability and the respective geometrical profile as indicators to redefine steering strategies.
The kinematic analysis of the grab and track start in swimming
2010
The winner in swimming is often decided by hundredths of a second, and therefore, all the elements of the race must be practiced. The start in swimming, together with the other elements of the race, is very important for achieving better results in competitions. Nowadays, swimmers use two start techniques: the grab and track start. The aim of this study is to determine the statistically significant differences in certain kinematic parameters between the grab and track start among competitive swimmers, cadet selection. The sample consisted of 6 competitive swimmers, 15 years of age ± SD, who belong to the cadet selection of the swimming club 'Argiroupoli Nautical Club' from Athens (Greece). Three swimmers performed the grab start, while the other three performed the track start. This study involved 8 kinematic parameters: flight length (FL), flight time (FT), ascending angle (AA), angle of entry (AE), velocity of the centre of mass at take-off (VCMT), velocity of head movemen...
Relationship between different push-off variables and start performance in experienced swimmers
European Journal of Sport Science, 2015
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between different variables measured with a force plate during the swimming start push-off phase and start performance presented by times to 5, 10 and 15 m. Twenty-one women from the Slovenian national swimming team performed two different swim starts (freestyle and undulatory) on a portable force plate to a distance further than 15 m. Correlations between push-off variables and times to 5, 10 and 15 m were quantified through Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r). The variables that significantly correlated (p < .05) to all times measured in the two starts performed were: average horizontal acceleration (freestyle: r = −0.58 to −0.71; and undulatory: r = −0.55 to −0.66), horizontal take-off velocity (freestyle: r = −0.56 to −0.69; and undulatory: r = −0.53 to −0.67) and resultant take-off velocity (freestyle: r = −0.53 to −0.65; and undulatory: r = −0.52 to −0.61). None of the variables derived from the vertical force were correlated to swimming start performance (p > .05). Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that horizontal take-off velocity and average horizontal acceleration (calculated as the average horizontal force divided by swimmer's body mass) are the variables most related to swimming start performance in experienced swimmers, and therefore could be the preferred measures to monitor swimmers' efficiency during the push-off phase.
Kinematical and neuromuscular aspects related to performance during the swimming start
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the performance of the start off the swimming block with kinematical and neuromuscular parameters (flight distance and flight time). Ten male swimmers (26.4 ± 6.6 years, 76.4 ± 6.6 kg, 1.81 ± 0.07 m) participated in the study. A video camera (30 Hz) was used to obtain the kinematic variables: flight distance, flight time, maximum height, start angle and entry angle. Muscle power was assessed via the performance of a Squat Jump on a force plate. Jump height, power and peak of velocity were analyzed. Pearson correlation was used to correlate kinematic and neuromuscular variables with starting performance. The level of significance was set at 5%. A significant correlation between the starting angle and both the flight distance (r = -0.59) and the flight time (r = 0.88) were found; also, a positive correlation was found between maximum height and flight time (r = 0.59). No significant correlation between swimming start per...
Jumping ability and swimming grab-start performance in elite and recreational swimmers
This study examined the relationships between the performances of a swimming grab start and each of countermovement jump for distance, countermovement jump for height, squat jump for distance, and squat jump for height. Nine elite and 7 recreational female swimmers performed 6 trials in each of the 4 jumping techniques and six 25-m freestyle sprints after a grab start. Elite participants performed significantly better in the start performances, and this was attributed to the greater horizontal impulse. Correlations in the elite group revealed that grab-start performance was not related to performance of any jumps. This suggests that the grab start is independent of the jumping techniques for this group, and performance of one skill might not translate to performance in the other. Significant correlations were found between performance of the grab start and the 4 jumps in the recreational group, possibly because of adoption of an "incorrect" motor pattern that might be similar to those of the jumps. This study highlighted the importance of practicing the start as a whole skill during training.
Relative Force and Pap in Swimming Start Performance
2016
Firstly, it was studied the relationship between relative force (Frel) of the lower limbs in a isotonic Lunge test, with the performance in a swimming kick start (SS). Afterwards, were applied two Postactivation-Potentiation (PAP) specific warm ups in order to analyze their effect in performance considering the Frel of the subjects. Trained swimmers (n=14) volunteered in this study. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to verify the relationship between relative force and kinematic variables of a SS. Results revealed high correlation between relative force and performance in SS (Dive Distance: R2=0.872, p<0.001; Horizontal Hip Velocity: R2=0.308, p=0.049; Time to 15m: R2=-0.813, p<0.001). After PAP, swimmers with higher relative force showed a higher improvement on the kinematic variables of SS than those with lower values of strength.