Carrier Sensing Scheme for Device Discovery in Bluetooth Low Energy Networks (original) (raw)
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2017 13th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), 2017
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Beacon technology is well on the way to becoming the future of business due to its inexpensive and low-power properties. All communications in BLE networks must involve neighbor discovery process (NDP) in the first place since a BLE device needs to create a connection or exchange information with its neighbors. Thus, the performance of the discovery latency is a challenging issue to be addressed for integrating BLE into the Beacon application development as the number of BLE devices increases. In this paper, we propose a twoway communication with wait-slot scheme (TCWS) to minimize the probability of collision occurring on the response frames of BLE devices and improve the latency of NDP. We formulate the state transition diagram for analyzing the performance of our proposed scheme. The results show that TCWS provides much better performance in terms of the probability of collision and the discovery latency in dense BLE networks.
Detailed Examination of a Packet Collision Model for Bluetooth Low Energy Advertising Mode
IEEE Access, 2018
The aim of this paper is to investigate the amount of energy that is required to successfully transmit information inside the Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) advertising packets. There are applications that require more than one BLE node to simultaneously transmit data. The BLE protocol utilizes a specific communication method termed the advertising mode to perform unidirectional broadcasts of data from the advertising devices. However, with an increased number of BLE devices advertising simultaneously, there will be inevitable packet collisions from the advertising devices. This results in a waste of energy, specifically in low-power applications where lower consumption is desirable to minimize the need for battery replacements. This paper examines a packet collision model for the BLE advertising mode with the results validated using experimental data. Our analysis shows that when the throughput of the BLE network starts to fall due to an increase in the number of packet collisions, the energy consumption of the BLE nodes increases exponentially with respect to the number of nodes. INDEX TERMS Bluetooth low energy, packet collision analysis, Bluetooth low energy advertising mode.
Optimizing the Bluetooth Low Energy Service Discovery Process
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), a short-range and low-power communication protocol, has gained a lot of popularity in recent years. A part of BLE is the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) which defines the data communication between two devices. During the initial connection between two BLE devices a discovery of services, characteristics and descriptors is required for the GATT to operate. During this discovery phase, the device is unusable as it builds the foundation for further data transactions. When unoptimized, this discovery step can take up to a few seconds, leading to frustrations for the end user or delays in some applications. In this paper, we aim to find guidelines on how to optimize this discovery process. A simulation framework was developed, able to simulate and analyze the packet exchange of the service discovery, while taking link layer parameters into account. The results show that minimizing the connection interval and maximizing the data length leads to the lowest dis...
Bluetooth low energy for internet of things: review, challenges, and open issues
The Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), 2023
As a result of its ultra-low power consumption, simple development, sufficient network coverage, and rapid data transfer speed, Bluetooth low energy (BLE) has emerged as the standard communication standard for internet of things (IoT) nodes. Therefore, in this review paper introduces the concept of Bluetooth low energy for the internet of things (BLE-IoT) in terms of Bluetooth classic, Bluetooth version, applications for BLE-IoT, and new features of BLE-IoT. We then provide a taxonomy of literature reviews based on the parameter adjustment approach (e.g., advertiser side schemes, scanner side schemes, hybrid schemes) and collision avoidance approach (e.g., advertiser side schemes and scanner side schemes). Finally, we discuss research challenges and future opportunities for BLE-IoT. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Analysis and modelling of interference in Bluetooth device discovery
Iet Communications, 2011
During Bluetooth device discovery process, nodes enter inquiry substate to discover other nodes within the range by periodically sending inquiry packets on a predetermined frequency partition of hop frequencies used by neighbouring piconets. Intuitively, potential collisions will occur between inquiry packets and packets exchanged between piconet nodes during connection state, which lead to degraded network performance and longer discovery process. So, the authors developed an analytical model for interference caused by a single inquiring node, and extended the model to account for interference levels due to multiple inquirers. The authors further validated the analytical model through a simulation scenario and found that the probability of packets interfered and disrupted during inquiry procedure is periodic by repeating every 3.16 s. Analytical and simulation results reveal that a single inquiring node can disrupt up to 1.5% of network packets for approximately half of this period, and with the increased number of inquiring nodes, the interference levels become more crucial approaching 35.3%. 2 Bluetooth background Bluetooth is a low-power, low-cost, open-standard, wireless communication system for implementing personal area networks (PANs). Its technology depends on using shortrange radio links to construct a small ad hoc network among communicating nodes called a piconet (formed by one master and up to seven active slaves) [9]. By interconnecting the existing Bluetooth piconets, larger scale networks called
Time and energy efficient service discovery in Bluetooth
Vehicular Technology, IEEE Conference, 2003
Key challenges in wireless mobile ad hoc networks are computational resource constraints, power limitations, and efficient service discovery techniques. The short range radio network technology Bluetooth suffers from long service discovery delays and high power consumption due to necessary connection establishment between discovering and discovered entity. For improving the efficiency of service discovery in Bluetooth networks we propose two new
An efficient beaconing of bluetooth low energy by decision making algorithm
Discover Artificial Intelligence, 2024
Ongoing research endeavors are exploring the potential of artificial intelligence to enhance the efficiency of wireless communication systems. Nevertheless, complex computational mechanisms, such as those inherent in neural networks, are not optimally suited for applications where the reduction of computational intricacy is of paramount importance. The rise in Bluetooth-enabled devices has led to the widespread adoption of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in various IoT applications, primarily due to its low power consumption. For specific applications, such as lost and found tags which operate on small batteries, it's especially important to further reduce power usage. With the objective of achieving low power consumption by optimally selecting channels and advertisement intervals, this paper introduces a parameter selection method derived from the Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) algorithm, a technique known for addressing human decision-making challenges. In this study, we evaluate our proposed method using simulations in diverse environments. The outcomes indicate that, without compromising much on reliability, our approach can reduce power consumption by up to 40% based on the wireless surroundings. Additionally, when this method was implemented on an actual BLE device, it demonstrated effectiveness in reducing power consumption by about 35% in real environments.
Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging low-power wireless technology developed for short-range control and monitoring applications that is expected to be incorporated into billions of devices in the next few years. This paper describes the main features of BLE, explores its potential applications, and investigates the impact of various critical parameters on its performance. BLE represents a trade-off between energy consumption, latency, piconet size, and throughput that mainly depends on parameters such as connInterval and connSlaveLatency. According to theoretical results, the lifetime of a BLE device powered by a coin cell battery ranges between 2.0 days and 14.1 years. The number of simultaneous slaves per master ranges between 2 and 5,917. The minimum latency for a master to obtain a sensor reading is 676 μs, although simulation results show that, under high bit error rate, average latency increases by up to three orders of magnitude. The paper provides experimental results that complement the theoretical and simulation findings, and indicates implementation constraints that may reduce BLE performance.
Blender: Toward Practical Simulation Framework for BLE Neighbor Discovery
Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems on International Conference on Modeling Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems
In the widely used Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) neighbor discovery, the parameter configuration of neighbor discovery directly decides the results of the trade-off between discovery latency and power consumption. Therefore, it requires evaluating whether any given parameter configuration meets the demands. The existing solutions, however, are far from satisfactory due to unsolved issues. In this paper, we propose Blender, a simulation framework that produces a determined and full probabilistic distribution of discovery latency for a given parameter configuration. To capture the key features in practice, Blender provides adaption to the stochastic factors such as the channel collision and the random behavior of the advertiser. Evaluation results show that, compared with the state-of-art simulators, Blender converges closer to the traces from the Android-based realistic estimations. Blender can be used to guide parameter configuration for BLE neighbor discovery systems where the trade-off between discovery latency and power consumption is of critical importance.
Bluetooth smart: An enabling technology for the Internet of Things
2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), 2015
The past couple of years have seen a heightened interest in the Internet of Things (IoT), transcending industry, academia and government. As with new ideas that hold immense potential, the optimism of IoT has also exaggerated the underlying technologies well before they can mature into a sustainable ecosystem. While 6LoWPAN has emerged as a disruptive technology that brings IP capability to networks of resource constrained devices, a suitable radio technology for this device class is still debatable. In the recent past, Bluetooth Low Energy (LE)-a subset of the Bluetooth v4.0 stack-has surfaced as an appealing alternative that provides a low-power and loosely coupled mechanism for sensor data collection with ubiquitous units (e.g., smartphones and tablets). When Bluetooth 4.0 was first released, it was not targeted for IP-connected devices but for communication between two neighboring peers. However, the latest release of Bluetooth 4.2 offers features that makes Bluetooth LE a competitive candidate among the available low-power communication technologies in the IoT space. In this paper, we discuss the novel features of Bluetooth LE and its applicability in 6LoWPAN networks. We also highlight important research questions and pointers for potential improvement for its greater impact.