Validation of a vision-based, three-dimensional facial imaging system (original) (raw)
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3D facial morphometry in children with oral clefts
Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize three-dimensional (3D) facial morphological variation of children with cleft lip and palate compared to an age- and sexmatched control group. Design: Cross-sectional, case-controlled observational morphometric study. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 103 children aged 8 to 12 years old with cleft lip and palate—40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate, 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus, 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate, and 21 with isolated cleft palate (ICP)—and 80 sex- and age-matched control subjects. Subjects were scanned using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Thirty-nine landmarks were digitized for each scan, and the x, y, and z coordinates for each landmark were extracted. Linear and angular facial measurements were computed. Multivariate analysis of covariance was undertaken to detect significant differences in facial morphometry between the groups. Results: Statistically significant differences (P , .05) were observed between all groups. The greatest morphometrical impact was seen in those groups where both lip and palate were affected and repaired; the group with ICP was the most similar to the control subjects. Conclusions: Significant differences were seen in 3D soft-tissue measurements, mainly in the nasolabial region, between the cleft groups where the lip is affected and the ICP and control group
Three-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Evaluation in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Medical Science Monitor
Departmental sources Background: In cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients, the shape of the facial soft tissues shows variety in 3 dimensions (3D). Two-dimensional (2D) photographs and radiographs are insufficient in the examination of these anomalies. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the soft tissue and craniofacial characteristics of individuals with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), skeletal Class III malocclusions, or skeletal Class I malocclusions using 3D facial imaging. Material/Methods: The entire study group consisted of a total of 158 patients, aged 8-32 years: 29 of the patients had UCLP, 22 BCLP, 54 had skeletal Class III malocclusions, and 53 had skeletal Class I malocclusions. 3D stereophotogrammetric soft-tissue recordings of all patients were analyzed. ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to compare the groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among the groups in terms of linear, angular, proportional. and volumetric measurements. While nasal differences were not observed in the Class III group, nose and upperlip deformities were common in the CLP groups. Upper-lip projection was reduced in all 3 groups. In the Class III patients, the lower lip and chin were more prominent than in the other groups. The facial convexity angle was increased in the CLP and Class III groups. The upper-lip volume was decreased in the BCLP, the UCLP, and the Class III groups. Conclusions: Patients with skeletal Class III or CLP anomalies showed significantly different soft-tissue characteristics than the Class I control group. 3D stereophotogrammetric facial imaging is an easy and noninvasive method that can be used in examination and recording of these facial deformities. It is possible to make volumetric measurements using this method.
We analyzed the facial features of Chinese children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compared them with a normal control group using a three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry camera. This cross-sectional study examined 3D measurements of the facial surfaces of 20 Chinese children with repaired UCLP and 40 unaffected Chinese children aged 7 to 12 years old, which were captured using the VECTRA 3D five-pod photosystem and analyzed using Mirror software. Twenty-five variables and two ratios were compared between both groups using independent t-test. Intra-and inter-observer reliability was determined using ten randomly selected images and analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficient test (ICC). The level of significance was set at p < 0.0018. Intra-and inter-observers' reliability was considered fair to excellent with an ICC value ranging from 0.54 to 0.99. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0018) were found mainly in the nasolabial region. The cleft group exhibited wider alar base root width, flattened nose and broader nostril floor width on the cleft side. They tended to have shorter upper lip length and thinner upper vermillion thickness. Faces of Chinese children with repaired UCLP displayed meaningful differences when compared to the normal group especially in the nasolabial regions. Surgical repair of cleft lip and palate (CLP) is usually carried out early in life, with cheilorhinoplasty performed at three months of age and palatoplasty accomplished between ages of six months to one year 1. Regardless of the timing of surgery and techniques used, residual deformity and asymmetry around the nasolabial region seems to characterise the facial appearance of CLP patients 2. Among the secondary deformities observed after corrective surgery of CLP are wide alar implantations, short and flat upper lip, hypoplastic maxilla leading to upper lip retru-sion and flat nose 3. These abnormalities have an important influence on facial attractiveness and psychosocial well-being. CLP patients are more shy and socially inhibited when compared with non-cleft individuals. They also reported being teased in their childhood and adolescence; and are often stigmatised in social situations 4. Comprehensive assessment of a multitude of aspects of CLP is essential. Whilst patient satisfaction 5 , psychosocial well-being 6 , speech 7 , and dental arch relationship 8,9 have been thoroughly assessed, evaluation of facial appearance is limited. There is diversity in the assessment of cleft-related deformity and this can be broadly classified into quantitative and qualitative assessment. Qualitative evaluation of nasolabial appearance involves subjective perception of deformity without performing any measurement on the stimulus material, which can range from coloured photographs , projected colour transparencies to on-screen digital photographs 10. Asher-McDade et al. 11 developed a standardised method to assess nasolabial appearance of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) using standard coloured frontal and lateral photographs. The nasolabial area is rated using a five-point ordinal scale, 1 being very good appearance and 5 being very poor. Although this method is simple and quick, it is also rather subjective and relies heavily on judges' experience and familiarity with the technique. Quantitative analysis of cleft-related deformity involves facial measurements between specified facial landmarks. The anthropometric evaluation can be conducted directly on live subjects 12 or indirectly on plaster casts 13 , two-dimensional (2D) photographs 14 , and three-dimensional (3D) imaging 15–27. While direct subject measurement was thought to be the gold standard, it has many disadvantages which include the fact that it is time consuming , requires significant patient cooperation and poses risks of injury especially when involving measurement
The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 2015
Three-dimensional surface imaging is an increasingly popular modality for face measurements in infants with cleft lip and palate. Infants are noncompliant toward producing specific facial expressions, and selecting the appropriate moment of acquisition is challenging. The objective was to estimate amount and spatial distribution of deformation of the face due to facial expression in infants with cleft lip and palate and provide recommendations for an improved acquisition protocol, including a method of quality control in terms of obtaining images with true neutral expression. Three-dimensional surface images of ten 4-month-old infants with unrepaired cleft lip and palate were obtained using a 3dMDface stereophotogrammetric system. For each subject, five surface images judged as representing a neutral expression were obtained during the same photo session. Mean and maximum deformations were calculated. A formalized review was performed, allowing the image exhibiting the "bes...
Clinical oral investigations, 2018
To assess the influence of involuntary facial expressions on 3D facial stereophotogrammetry reproducibility in children with and without unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (UCLP) aged 3-18 months. Three to eight 3D facial images per time point were acquired within 10 min of 31 children with UCLP and 50 controls at 3, 12 and 18 months of age. 3D mapping of two 3D facial images per subject per age was performed. Distance kits of the full face and nasolabial area were calculated. In the total subject pool, mean variation between two 3D facial images ranged from 0.38-0.88 mm. There were no significant differences within groups for the various ages. Variation between controls and UCLP subjects did not differ significantly. Variation was higher in the nasolabial area than in the full face. The influence of involuntary facial expressions on the estimation of facial growth should not be underestimated, especially in the nasolabial region of UCLP subjects aged 3 months. To improve 3D ...
Digital Surface Photogrammetry for Anthropometric Analysis of the Cleft Infant Face
The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 2006
Objective To analyze the three-dimensional morphology of the cleft infant face with digital surface photogrammetry. Design Fifty plaster casts of unoperated infants with cleft lip and palate were imaged three-dimensionally with digital surface photogrammetry. Twenty-one standard craniofacial measurements were taken. The plaster casts were divided into 4 groups with unilateral, bilateral, complete, and incomplete clefts of the lip and palate. The measurements were compared with standard values for healthy infants. Results Significant differences (p < .0025) were found for the alar base width (33% to 55%), the alar base root width (59% to 103%), the width of the nose (7% to 25%), the length of the alar wing (18% to 25%), and the intercanthal (6% to 17%) and biocular (4% to 12%) width, depending on the cleft type. The vertical dimensions of the nose and the upper lip did not differ significantly from the controls. Conclusion This study describes preliminary data on the cleft infant ...
The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
Objective: To validate a newly developed method for capturing 3-dimensional (3D) images of the nasolabial region for assessing upper lip scarring and asymmetry in surgically managed unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) cases. Design: Validation study, single cohort. Materials and Methods: Eighteen surgically managed UCLP cases were recruited, the nasolabial region of each face was scanned using an intraoral scanner (IOS) to produce 3D images. The images were manually segmented to allow the calculation of surface area of the scar and upper lip asymmetry. Five professionals and 5 lay assessors subjectively evaluated the same images and graded the upper lip scarring and asymmetry at 2 separate occasions. The relationship between the subjective and objective assessments was evaluated. Results: Moderate correlation was found between subjective and objective evaluations of the upper lip scarring and total asymmetry. The captured 3D images were of good quality for the objective measureme...
Plastic and Aesthetic Research , 2020
Aim: The aims were: (1) to examine the clinical application of a geometric morphometric method (GMM) that quantifies the three-dimensional (3D) configuration of the facial soft tissues in patients with a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP); and (2) to determine the morphological characteristics that distinguish between non-cleft participants and patients with UCLP. Methods: 3D facial images at rest were recorded from Japanese patients with a repaired UCLP (Cleft group; n = 60) and healthy adults featuring a straight type facial profile with normal occlusion (Control group; n = 200) using 3D photogrammetric cameras. For each participant, wire mesh fitting was conducted based on the assignment of landmarks to each 3D facial image. This method generated landmark-based GMM models consisting of 6017 nodes on the fitted wire mesh. For each node, the mean and standard deviation were determined in the Control group and were used as the normative range of the faces. With this normative range, the Z-scores before and after surgery were evaluated for patients with UCLP who underwent orthognathic bimaxillary surgery. Further, the morphological characteristics of the Cleft group were evaluated using a principal component (PC) regression analysis that distinguished between two subject groups. In addition, K-means clustering analysis and MANOVA were used to examine the morphological variation of the Cleft group. Results: A patient with UCLP was evaluated with the system. After surgery, the normal area increased by 8%-20% on all axes, which means that the surgery was effective for normalizing the patient's face. However, even after