THE JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (original) (raw)
Related papers
The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 2012
The biodegradation of spent saline bottles, a low-density polyethylene product (LDPE) by two selected Arthrobacter sp. is reported in vitro conditions. Chemical and UV pretreatment play a vital role in enhancing the rate of biodegradation. Treated LDPE films exhibit a higher weight loss and density when compared to untreated films. Arthrobacter oxydans and Arthrobacter globiformis grew better in a medium containing pretreated films than in medium containing untreated films. The decrease in density and weight loss of LDPE was also more for pretreated film when compared to untreated films indicating the effect of abiotic treatment on mechanical properties of LDPE. The decrease in the absorbance corresponding to carbonyl groups and double bonds that were generated during pretreatment suggest that some of the double bonds were cut by Arthrobacter species. Since Arthrobacter sp. is capable of degrading urea, splitting of urea group were also seen in FTIR spectrum indicating the evidence of biodegradation after microbial incubation. The results of this study indicated that biodegradation rate could be enhanced by exposing LDPE to calcium stearate (a pro-oxidant), which acts as photo inducer of UV irradiation. The present plastic disposal trend of waste accumulation can be minimized with this promising eco-friendly technique.
Municipal Waste Disposal on Soil Quality. A Review
Acta Scientific Agriculture, 2019
Urban settler and diverse organization harvest a great amount of trashes in abundant forms, frequently making our environments dirty and unfriendly. The metropolitan discarded solid and liquefied waste disposal deteriorating soil quality through decrease in quality indicators because of the undiscriminating dumping of different waste. The movement of contaminated waste and mixed fluid away from the waste disposal borders presents serious environmental concerns of soil pollution. Thus, the focus of this review was to review city waste discarding effects on soil excellence at open leftover dumping places. In order to ascertain the quality of soil for public expenditure, recreation and irrigation purpose soil quality index was performed in indicating the soil quality. Agreeing to Different scholars, it was concluded that the average values of soil from municipal urban waste disposal in the world were found that all soil quality indicators was contaminated at the solid waste dumped site in comparison with the control sampling according to world standard for soil. But, the junkyards were actually observed to have large masses of totally decomposed organic materials on the soil. The nutrient balance would progress as organic matter level escalations and through it, yield potential. Enhanced soil structure also raises air pore space and aids soils resist compaction which decreases soil productivity and yields, limiting water penetration, air movement in the soil and root growth. Hence, management were required to undermine the cause of waste and treating the wasted with incineration and biological action. Intensive industrial activities, inadequate urban waste disposal, mining, military activities or accidents had introduced excessive amounts of local soil and water contaminants. Soils only had a limited ability to process these contaminants, through filtering or transformation. Once this ability is exceeded, issues such as water pollution, human contact with polluted soil, plants taking up contaminants and dangers from landfill gases become more significant [1]. Areas with largest population generation had more waste than areas with low population. The generation is basically dependent on the socioeconomic status and the nature of the activities of the people. The waste contribute to different environmental implications such as land pollution, which changes the aesthetic view of the environment, bad odor production, air pollution and underground water pollution [2]. The global population is expected to exceed nine billion people by 2050. Major growth will take place in developing countries, particularly in urban areas that already have inadequate wastewater infrastructure. The economic, ecological and social costs were projected to escalation intensely if wastewater supervision receives urgent attention. Contaminated water from inadequate wastewater management provides one the greatest health challenges restricting development and increasing poverty through costs to health care and lost labour productivity. International, nearly 900 million individuals still do not have get to harmless water and certain 2.6 billion, almost half the people of the developing world do not had access to adequate hygiene. At least 1.8 million kids less than five years old expire each year due to water related disease, accounting for around 17 percent of deaths in this age group. Worldwide some 2.2 million people die each year from diarrheal disease. Poor hygiene and unsafe water is responsible for around 88 percent of all diarrheal incidents [3]. Municipal Solid waste Management services in most of the countries come as a third priority in municipal commitments, after water supply and sanitation. The main environmental problem associated with the disposal sites was the potential risk posed to the soil. Since the waste was disposed directly onto surface of soil, a number of contaminants including heavy metals readily penetrate and eventually they contaminate the soil and affect vegetation abundance [4]. Depending on the propensity of the pollutants they initiate either in water held in the soil or percolated to the underground water. Noxious waste like Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn can change the soil chemistry and had an influence on the animals and floras contingent on the soil for nutrition [5]. Human activity introduces heavy metals (such as cadmium, arsenic and mercury) to our soils through mining, smelting, industry, agriculture and burning fossil fuels. Our disposal of materials con
The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2013
Vegetable-market solid waste is produced in millions of tones in urban areas and poses a problem of safe disposal. A study (100 days duration) was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of some of the exotic earthworm species Eisenia foetida and Eudrillus eugenia for decomposition of vegetable solid waste (VW) into valuable vermicompost. Vegetable waste was mixed with cow dung in 1:1 ratio to produce vermicompost. The period of vermicomposting was about seven weeks. The vermicompost caused a decrease in organic carbon (TOC) and Total organic mater (TOM) accompanied by an increase in Total Nitrogen (TKN) , available Phosphorus , Electrical conductivity (EC) , and pH was noticed. The nutrient-rich vermicompost with acceptable C: N ratio ranges ( <20:1) indicates its agronomic potential. Waste mixtures also supported the earthworm growth and reproduction rates in vermibeds. The Microbial study of vermicompost revealed the presence of Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas and Corynebact...
A study on sustainable waste disposal in South Africa using mechanical biological waste treatment
2010
The landfilling of Municipal Solid Waste poses a threat to the environment in the form of landfill emissions. These emissions are a result of the biochemical breakdown of the waste in the anaerobic landfill environment. A solution to this problem has been found in the form of the mechanical-biological treatment of waste. This technology involves mechanical and biological processing of the waste before it is placed in the landfill. The pretreatment accelerates the degradation of the waste resulting in the landfilling of a more biologically stable product, resulting in a reduction of the emission potential of the landfill. This research aims at investigating the applicability and efficiency of a passively ventilated MBT windrow system under a subtropical climate. The research was conducted in two stages: the first stage focused on the implementation and analysis of the Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) process with aerobic windrows, employing the Dome Aeration Technology (OAT) (Mollekopf et al. 2002). Three OAT windrows were constructed at the Bisasar Road Landfill in Durban in order to study the efficiency of the process after different composting timeframes (8 and 20 weeks). The study proved that the use of the OAT technology is a viable option. The second stage was the analysis of this treated waste in an anaerobic environment, in order to simulate landfill conditions and, thus gain insight into the effect of MBP on landfill emissions. Six Iysimeters and 5 columns as well as numerous eluate tests were conducted in order to study the "post-Iandfilled" behaviour of the waste and the effect that waste treatment, composting time and screening have on liquid and gaseous emissions. A basic cost estimate using the Clean Development Mechanism for financial assistance was conducted. The results of this research were then utilised to make recommendations on sustainable waste disposal options. The findings of the research were that although the MBT did not reduce emission levels sufficiently to allow for a 40 year landfill aftercare period, the benefit over the landfilling of untreated waste is significant. v
IOSR Journals , 2019
The biodegradation effects of agro-wastes (poultry droppings and cow dung) on some physico-chemical properties of the effluents were assessed. Triplicate slurries (1:3 w/v) of five ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung: (0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and 1:0 as treatments A, B, C, D and E) were separately fed into 13.6L locally constructed digesters, under strict anaerobic condition. They were kept for eight weeks retention period. Separate fractions of the undigested and digested treatments were subjected to standard assay procedures to determine their C, N, heavy contents, chemical oxygen demand(COD). The average weekly temperature and the pH before and after digestion of the media were measured. The cumulative biogas yield was in the order of treatment C (2961.0ml) > D(2241.7ml) > E(2197.9ml) > A(2079.0ml) > B(2031.1ml), based on the following mixing ratios 1:1>3:1>0:1>1:0>1:3. The gas production was affected by weekly temperature variation, which peaked at the mesophilic range (40.5±0.3 ̶ 44.1±0.3 O C). The resultant pH of the digestates was in the order of 1:3 > 3:1 > 1:1 > 0:1 > 1:0. There was a general reduction in heavy metal contents for all treatment digestates, except Cu, with 200.00, 35.82 and 7.34% as %increases in treatments A, E and C respectively. All treatments indicated reduction in C :N ratios , ranging from 7.93 ̶ 13 .02, in the order of 3:1>1:1>1:3>0:1>1:0. Similarly, there was decrease in COD contents for all treatments due to AD. Consequently, the percentage COD reduction (%CODR) was in the order of treatment D(53.70%) > E(34.15%) > C(29.63%) > A(25.81%) > B(19.23%). The biodegradation process had provided an effective means of alternative energy production, agricultural waste management initiative, which would ensure bioremediation, sustainable public health and environmental management.
A REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTES
INTRODUCTION: Construction is a very vital stage in execution of civil engineering structures of any type, as much important as it is, it must not be trivialised as wrong construction of well-designed civil works may lead to poor safety and as well increase the cost of a specified project. Construction of standard quality roads require a lot of commitment, labour, good planning with good engineering and construction practices. Modern roads are engineered systems designed to spread or carry wheel loads on surface layer systems which are stiff down to the less stiff layers called the sub grade. The subgrade which is an important part of the road structure usually is considered to be a weak layer, since road construction is executed on the soil, different types of soils are met along the stretch of a proposed alignment, however, black cotton soil also known as expansive soils seem to be the most challenging type of soil encountered by engineers due to the presence of montmorrillonite which is a mineral that is highly unstable thus leading to shrinking and swelling of this type of soil on slight change in moisture content of back cotton soil. Since it is not only uneconomical to excavate soils with poor engineering characteristics and replace from borrow sites with soil having better engineering properties but as well constitute environmental hazards, the use of material wastes that would have constituted such environmental hazards to the society through indiscriminate disposal or wrong methods of incineration are put back into the soil to improve the engineering properties such as California Bearing ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive strength(UCS), plasticity, liquid limit, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content(OMC) etc. The improvement of unstable soil is thus called soil stabilization. AIM: This research work is geared towards presenting a literature review on effect of agricultural solid wastes (ASW) on stabilization of expansive soil, putting in place the gap that needs to be bridged with more research on more (ASW). LITERATURE REVIEW ON SOIL STABILIZATION: Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2018
The purpose of this study is to assess the maturity and stability of the lagooning sludge (LS) with green waste (GW) during semi-industrial composting. Physico-chemical parameters, spectroscopy analysis and germination test were monitored. After 105 days, the decomposition rate of about 33.6; 39 and 36%, a stabilization of pH around neutrality; NH 4 + /NO 3 − ratio decreased to 0.922, 0.974 and 1.038; the C/N ratio decreased to 9.47, 9.24 and 10.10 respectively for mixture 1 (M1), mixture 2 (M2) and mixture 3 (M3). This reduction is explained by the bio-oxidation of organic matter. The intense microbial activity was characterized by the rise of temperature (between 40 and 50 °C) during the first weeks. Humification process was characterized by the increase of humification index (HI), which was approximately 62.1%; 73.6%; 61.5% respectively for M1, M2 and M3. The progress of humification process was determined by the decrease of aliphatic absorbance bands and the increase of aromatic absorbance bands. The increase in germination index (GI) (> 50%) for the four seeds: cress, alfalfa, turnip and radish, at the end of composting indicated that the composts are phytotoxic-free and are rich in stable organic compounds and nutrients. The results show that all three composts are mature, which opens the way for their application in agriculture without risk for the soil-plant system.
Characteristics of Composted Bio-Toilet Residue and Its Potential Use as a Soil Conditioner
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science, 2016
Bio-toilet is a dry toilet where human excreta is trapped in a lignocelluloses soil matrix such as wood sawdust, then it is decomposed by aerobic bacteria to organic compost rich in minerals such as N, P, and K. The study aimed to characterize the bio-toilet residue and its potential use as a soil conditioner for Jatropha curcas. The study was conducted in a private school of Daarut Tauhid in Bandung West Java. A bio-toilet S-50 type of Japan was constructed consisting of a composting chamber, mixer, heater, exhaust fan, and closet. The composting chamber was filled with 63 kg of Albizzia sawdust. Feces and urine was loaded daily by 54 students for 122-day observation. At the end of observation, the decomposed bio-toilet residue was evaluated for its physical properties such as bulk density (rb), porosity (%), and water retention (WR). Chemical properties such as pH, C/N ratio, N, P, and K, as well as microbiological properties such as numbers of bacteria, fungi, and worm eggs were...