Acute toxicity studies of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri (original) (raw)
Related papers
Phyllanthus niruri is a medicinal plant (commonly known as stone breaker) found in the tropics and other parts of the world. It is known for its capacity to block the formation of calcium oxalate crystals and kidney stone formation in urolithiasis. This plant has been used to treat hyperglycemia, hypertension, pain, and mild cases of malaria. We examined the geno-, cyto-and overall toxicity of P. niruri whole plant ethanolic extract. The extract was administered as a single dose of 30 or 300 mg/kg to laboratory rats by gavage, accompanied by negative (0.9% saline) and positive (10 mg/mL N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) controls that were injected intramuscularly 48 h after extract administration. The ratio of polychromatic (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) from femur bone marrow was scored for genotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined using descending concentrations (0.2-0.0125 g/mL) of the extract incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Genetics and Molecular Research, 2012
Phyllanthus niruri is a medicinal plant (commonly known as stone breaker) found in the tropics and other parts of the world. It is known for its capacity to block the formation of calcium oxalate crystals and kidney stone formation in urolithiasis. This plant has been used to treat hyperglycemia, hypertension, pain, and mild cases of malaria. We examined the geno-, cyto-and overall toxicity of P. niruri whole plant ethanolic extract. The extract was administered as a single dose of 30 or 300 mg/kg to laboratory rats by gavage, accompanied by negative (0.9% saline) and positive (10 mg/mL N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) controls that were injected intramuscularly 48 h after extract administration. The ratio of polychromatic (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) from femur bone marrow was scored for genotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined using descending concentrations (0.2-0.0125 g/mL) of the extract incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Herbal medicines are widely perceived by the public. Most people believe that herbal medicines have no side effects as being natural and they are often considered as food supplements and not as a drugs. Phyllanthus niruri is a plant with numerous medicinal properties often used for the treatment of renal stones, malaria, jaundice in traditional as well as in modern medicine. However, in spite of the extensive use of this herb there is insufficient scientific evidence validating its efficacy and safety. Hence the present study is an attempt to elucidate the hepatotoxicity caused by aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri and its commercial formulation. Adult male Wistar rats (150 – 200 gm) were randomly divided in three groups. Group I served as control and received distilled water while the group II was given Phyllathus niruri whole plant extract (1000 mg/ kg bw) and group III received Nirocil tablet (commercial formulation of P. niruri) dissolved in distilled water (200 mg/kg bw), orally for three weeks. At the end of the experimental period animals were sacrificed, liver was excised out and processed for histopathological examination. The blood was collected to obtain the serum for the estimation of various biochemical parameters like glucoses, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides and some serum marker enzymes like acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Pathological alterations were observed in the histology of liver tissues of P. niruri treated and Nirocil treated groups. Both the treated groups showed significant changes in serum profileas compared to control. The marker enzyme status was also found to be altered in both the treated groups with respect to control. Thus the present study revealed that the aqueous extract of P. niruri and its commercial formulation could cause adverse effect on serum biochemistry and tissue in experimental animals and therefore indiscriminate use of P. niruri as a medicinal plant should be monitored.
Mini Review:Toxicity Study Of Plant Extracts
2020
Treatment of diseasesusing plant-based medicines hadincreased significantly which waspredicted due to its fewer side effects. However, some of the medicinal plantsmight not be scientifically tested, hence their side effects remainunknown. It is necessary to carry out a toxicity study to ensure the safety ofthe plants in the animal models.This review article aims to provide comprehensive information about the toxicity study of medicinal plants. Various factors could influence the results of the assay,starting from the harvesting of the plants,the drying, the plant extraction, the determining of doses used, the animals housing and feeding conditions, the measurement of body and organ weight, the serum preparation and organ isolation, biochemical, hematology, and histopathology parameters.The most influential factor in toxicity study is the dose of the plant extracts.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ELEMENTAL AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF
An aphrodisiac is a type of food or drink that has the effect of making those who eat or drink it more aroused in a sexual way. Aphrodisiacs can be categorized according to their mode of action into three groups: substances that increase libido (i.e. sexua arousal), substances that increase sexual potency (i.e. effectiveness of erection) and substances that increase sexual pleasure. Fadogia agrestis Rubiaceae (Hausa: Bakin gagai feets high. Fadogia agrestis is a medicinal plant widely used for its reported antibacterial and aphrodisiac activities. The aim of this work is to carry out pharmacognostic standardization and safety profile on physicochemical, elemental, phytochemical and acute toxicity studies were carried out using standard methods. The results obtained also provided scientific basis for the use of F. agrestis in folklore medicine. cell wall, lignified cell wall, tannins, starch, calcium oxalate and cutin. The physicochemical parameters evaluated include: moisture content (7.0%), total ash (10.5%), water soluble ash (4.1%), acid insoluble ash (8.33%), ethanol extractiv (15.0%), and water extractive value (12.0%). The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids (84.0 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical detected in the stem bark while the lowest was saponins (4.0 mg/g).LD mg/kg and did not cause mortality in all the tested rats. The results of this investigation may be useful for deriving doses that are safe for human consumption medicinally of F. agrestis root.
Evaluation of Aqueous Leaf Extract +of Phyllantus Niruri in Vitro
Iraqi Journal of Science
The toxicity effect of Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)leaves extract was studied on albino rats. Rats were divided into four groups, four per group. Group 1 received water and feeds only, whileonly. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered doses of the extract 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively. Parameters studied were indices of liver and kidney function. Results showed that final body weight, serum, AST, ALP, urea, Creatinine, and some electrolytes were not affected by the administration of the different doses of the extract. ALT significantly increased by administration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract when compared with the control. Besides, there was asignificant increase in the level of K+ (P>0.05) at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight of the extract. Similarly, Na+ was also significantly increased by the administration of the extract (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg). These increases observed may be due to the certain phytochemicals present in...
Biostatistical Analysis on Medicinal Plant Toxicity
Iris Publishers LLC, 2019
Aim: The incidences of medicinal plant toxicity in the society are becoming serious in the society. There is the need for scientist to determine the toxicity profile of most is therefore very important. Terminalia Chebula is traditionally is found in natural colon cleansers and used in treatment of constipation, digestive disorders, irregular fevers, flatulence, ulcers, vomiting, colic, and hemorrhoids. In this study the effect of sub-acute administration of Terminalia Chebula on the brain, spleen, and stomach were evaluated. Method: Rats of either sex were selected. Group 1 received distilled water (10 ml/kg), while group 2, 3 and 4 received Terminalia Chebula 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively. Animals were kept in standard cages and given access to the extract, water and food orally for 28 days, after which they were weighed and sacrificed. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and taken immediately for hematological and chemo pathological analysis. The brain, spleen, and stomach were also harvested for histological study of the effect of the plant using haematotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining technique. Result: There was Significant (P<0.05) decrease in RBC, HGB, MCV, while there was no change in the level of neutrophiles, basophiles, eosinophiles and platelets. The size of the brain, spleen and stomach were observed to be slightly significantly (p<0.05) increased in rats with dose level of 400 mg/kg, while there was no significant (p<0.05) change observed at the 200 and 800 mg/kg dose. Histopathological examination of the brain and stomach showed normal features at all doses. The spleen showed Slight lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses and normal features at the control (10 ml/kg). Conclusion: result of the study suggests that care should be observed when taken this herb
Ayapodi Elagam (A.E) was used in Siddha system of medicine for many years to treat Pandu (Anemia). This medicine contains Nellikai, Keezhanelli, Karisalai and Ayam. These herbs are helps to improve the blood to correct the anemia. This study was carried out to evaluate the acute and chronic toxic effect on Ayapodi Elagam and to determine the LD50. The toxicity study was done as per the guidelines of world health organization (WHO) guideline. As the herbs and Ayam were used for treating anemia by traditional practitioners for years together, the toxicity study was also proposed to study in both sexes. In acute study the animals were divided into two groups A.E was administered at 5000mg/kg orally and animals were observed for toxic sign at 0,5,1,4,24 hour and for 14 days. In chronic toxicity study A.E was administered at 450,900 and 1800 mg/kg body weight/day to 3 groups of animal, respectively. The distilled water was administered to control animals. The result showed that the acute toxicity study of A.E. at the dose level of 5000mg/kg does not produce any toxic sign and mortality among the experimental groups and the LD50 value of the drug was found to be more than 5000mg/kg bodyweight. The weight of rats, wellness parameters, mortality, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters and histological analysis of all vital organs were observed to know the chronic toxic effect of the drug. All the parameters of the study do not show the any significant chances between the control and experimental groups.
Objective: Parts of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) have been used extensively in ethnomedicine. Despite increasing popularity, there is paucity of information regarding its safety. We therefore evaluated the toxicological profile of the aqueous leaf extract. Methods: Acute doses were administered and the animals were observed for signs and symptoms for 14 days. In the sub-acute evaluation, the rats were given oral doses of 0.5, 1 and 2.5 g/kg/day for 28 consecutive days after which hematological and biochemical analyses were done. Kidneys, livers, spleens, lungs and hearts of the rats were assessed histologically. Results: There were no signs of toxicity up to an acute maximum dose of 10 g/kg. In the sub-acute evaluation, weight initially gained was lost by the 28 th day but organ-to-body weight ratios were not significantly affected. Platelet count decreased significantly (P<0.001) but packed cell volume increased significantly (P<0.01) in the extract-treated groups. Alkaline phosphatase level increased significantly (P<0.01) in the group that received 2.5 g/kg/day. Plasma sodium decreased significantly (P<0.001) in all the extract-treated groups. The levels of other hematological parameters and enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) were not significantly altered. The levels of total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine and potassium also remained comparable with the control group. Histology showed acute tubular necrosis at the dose of 2.5 g/kg/day and acute lung inflammation and bronchopneumonia at all dose levels. Conclusions: While low doses of the aqueous extract appear safe, the daily use of high doses above 0.5 g/kg may be injurious to health.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, LD CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF
The young leaves of F. polita plant are edible and the bark and roots infusions are used in treatment of infectious diseases, dyspepsia and diarrhoea like many other species of Moraceae family. Qualitative phytochemical screening of aqueous leaf extract of F. polita was determined. Lethal mean dose (LD of F. polita were evaluated in wistar albino rats. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols, glycosides, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, fats and oils, terpenes, triter starch, gums and mucilages, and proteins. The LD than 5000 mg/kg. Oral administration of the extract at 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg/kg body weight revealed no significant difference (P> RBC, haemoglobin, PCV, MCH, and MCHC. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in MCV in 3000 mg/kg dose when compared with control. There were significant increases (P<0.05) in WBC, lymphocytes, and platelets, in som enzymes, total protein, albumin, electrolytes, and creatinine revealed no significant changes (P>0.05) in the treated doses compared to their controls. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in urea, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin of some treated doses when compared to their controls. These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of F. polita is rich in phytochemicals, and may be considered relatively safe at the tested doses.