Child Development and Refractive Errors in Preschool Children (original) (raw)
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The effect of parental history of myopia on eye size of pre-school children: a pilot study
Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 2005
To evaluate parental history of myopia as a predictor of refractive error and eye size in Chinese preschool children. Methods: A total of 514 preschool children (aged 2.3-6.4 years) were examined. Parental history of myopia, amount of near work performed, refractive status and ocular biometry were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) among children with no myopic parents (mean + 0.94 ± 0.05 D), one myopic parent (mean + 0.77 ± 0.07 D) and two myopic parents (mean + 0.79 ± 0.12 D) (p = 0.102) after controlling for age and amount of near work. Further, children with more myopic parents did not have longer eyeballs (p = 0.335). Conclusions: In this study in Chinese preschool children, parental history of myopia was not found to be associated with a myopic refractive error or increased eyeball length. Further studies with larger sample sizes would help to confirm these results.
Association of seeking ophthalmic assessment in children with parental history of refractive errors
Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
Objective: To find out the association of seeking ophthalmic assessment in children with parental history of refractive errors. Methods: After the approval of ethical review board, an analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in eight high schools of public and private sector at Lahore during the period of seven months from August 2017 to March 2018. Multistage random sampling technique was opted and 2000 study subjects were recruited including 50% boys and 50% girls. Informed consent was obtained and data was collected on a structured questionnaire. The data was organized, entered in version 23 of IBM SPSS and analyzed by the use of statistical tools. Results: Age of the respondents ranged between nine to 18 years with a mean of 13.40±1.82 SD. Parental history of wearing spectacles was present in 21.3% of the fathers and 28.6% of the mothers. Moreover, 72.4% of the participants never visited eye care professional. Among private schools, an association was found between the vis...
Optometry & Vision …, 2007
Purpose. To report on two population screening programs designed to detect significant refractive errors in 8308 8-to 9-month-old infants, examine the sequelae of infant hyperopia, and test whether early partial spectacle correction improved visual outcome (strabismus and acuity). The second program also examined whether infant hyperopia was associated with developmental differences across various domains such as language, cognition, attention, and visuomotor competences up to age 7 years. Linked programs in six European countries assessed costs of infant refractive screening. Method. In the first program, screening included an orthoptic examination and isotropic photorefraction, with cycloplegia. In the second program we carried out the same screening procedure without cycloplegia. Hyperopic infants (Նϩ4 D) were followed up alongside an emmetropic control group, with visual and developmental measures up to age 7 years, and entered a controlled trial of partial spectacle correction. Results. The second program showed that accommodative lag during photorefraction with a target at 75 cm (focus Նϩ1.5 D) was a marker for significant hyperopia. In each program, prevalence of significant hyperopia at 9 to 11 months was around 5%; manifest strabismus was 0.3% at 9 months and 1.5 to 2.0% by school age. Infant hyperopia was associated with increased strabismus and poor acuity at 4 years. Spectacle wear by infant hyperopes produced better visual outcome than in uncorrected infants, although an improvement in strabismus was found in the first program only. The corrections did not affect emmetropization to 3.5 years; however, both corrected and uncorrected groups remained more hyperopic than controls in the preschool years. The hyperopic group showed poorer overall performance than controls between 1 and 7 years on visuoperceptual, cognitive, motor, and attention tests, but showed no consistent differences in early language or phonological awareness. Relative cost estimates suggest that refractive screening programs can detect visual problems in infancy at lower overall cost than surveillance in primary care. Conclusions. Photo/videorefraction can successfully screen infants for refractive errors, with visual outcomes improved through early refractive correction. Infant hyperopia is associated with mild delays across many aspects of visuocognitive and visuomotor development. These studies raise the possibility that infant refractive screening can identify not only visual problems, but also potential developmental and learning difficulties. (Optom Vis Sci 2007;84:84-96)
Refractive Status and Prevalence of Refractive Errors in Suburban School-age Children
… Journal of Medical …, 2010
Objective: This study investigated the distribution pattern of refractive status and prevalence of refractive errors in school-age children in Western China to determine the possible environmental factors. Methods: A random sampling strategy in geographically defined clusters was used to identify children aged 6-15 years in Yongchuan, a socio-economically representative area in Western China. We carried out a door-to-door survey and actual eye examinations, including visual acuity measurements, stereopsis examination, anterior segment and eyeball movements, fundus examinations, and cycloplegic retinoscopy with 1% cyclopentolate. Results: A total of 3469 children living in 2552 households were selected, and 3070 were examined. The distributions of refractive status were positively-skewed for 6-8-year-olds, and negatively-skewed for 9-12 and 13-15-year-olds. The prevalence of hyperopia (≥+2.00 D spherical equivalent [SE]), myopia (≤-0.50 D SE), and astigmatism (≥1.00 diopter of cylinder [DC]) were 3.26%, 13.75%, and 3.75%, respectively. As children's ages increased, the prevalence rate of hyperopia decreased (P<0.001) and that of myopia increased significantly (P<0.001). Children in academically challenging schools had a higher risk of myopia (P<0.001) and astigmatism (≥1.00DC, P =0.04) than those in regular schools. Conclusion: The distribution of refractive status changes gradually from positively-skewed to negatively-skewed distributions as age increases, with 9-year-old being the critical age for the changes. Environmental factors and study intensity influence the occurrence and development of myopia.
Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 2021
To evaluate associations between visual function and the level of uncorrected hyperopia in 4-and 5-year-old children without strabismus or amblyopia. Methods: Children with spherical equivalent (SE) cycloplegic refractive error of À0.75 to +6.00 on eligibility testing for the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) study were included. Children were grouped as emmetropic (<1D SE myopia or hyperopia), low hyperopic (+1 to <+3D SE) or moderate hyperopic (+3 to +6D SE). Children with anisometropia or astigmatism (≥1D), amblyopia or strabismus were excluded. Visual functions assessed were monocular distance visual acuity (VA) and binocular near VA with crowded HOTV charts, accommodative lag using the Monocular Estimation Method and near stereoacuity by 'Preschool Assessment of Stereopsis with a Smile'. Visual functions were compared as continuous measures among refractive error groups. Conclusions: Decreasing visual function was associated with increasing hyperopia in 4-and 5-year-olds without strabismus or amblyopia. As hyperopia with reduced visual function has been associated with early literacy deficits, near visual function should be evaluated in these children.