Word frequency effect on repetition priming as a function of prime duration and delay between the prime and the target (original) (raw)
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How word frequency modulates masked repetition priming: An ERP investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012
The present study used ERPs to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked repetition priming effects by word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking repetition priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, repetition priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were only seen at the shorter (50 ms) SOA used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events.
The effects of inter-stimulus interval and prime modality in a semantic priming task
Aphasiology, 2011
Background: Semantic priming studies are employed in order to examine how various semantic contexts can influence visual word recognition processes. Although research has shown numerous factors can have an influence on the magnitude of the semantic priming effects found in lexical decision tasks, the majority of these factors have been related to the prime-target relationship itself. However, other factors have also been shown to alter the priming effect. Two such factors are the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and presentation modality. The inter-stimulus interval may be used to independently assess automatic and strategic processes, whereas presentation modality is typically used to assess the different processing time courses that occur with spoken or written words. These factors have not been adequately investigated in the normal population. A more in-depth understanding of the relationships between prime modality, inter-stimulus interval, and word recognition processes in a sample of individuals with typical language abilities may provide valuable when examining lexical access and storage in language disordered populations such as those with aphasia. Aims: The focus of the present study was to examine the impact of relatively short and long inter-stimulus intervals on processing time in a visual and cross-modal lexical decision task. Previous research has not fully addressed whether convergent processes occur during cross-modal tasks or if an amodal semantic system exists. The utilisation of slow and fast inter-stimulus intervals should allow for a clearer distinction relative to processing.
EFFECT OF PRIME TYPE ON LEXICAL DECISION TIME
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1987
On a prime-target lexical decision task we manipulated the relatedness between prime and target (semantically related or unrelated), the number of repetitions (from 1 to 5 ) , the type of the repeated stimulus (only the prime, only the target, or both), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (within a range of automatic activation from 60 to 400 msec.) to find whether semantic and repetition priming are additive (or interact), and whether there is episodic priming in an automatic, nonconscious way. Analysis showed repetition and semantic priming were additive rather than interactive. No episodic automatic priming was found. Results are discussed in terms of the predictions made from the main theoretical positions about the repetition effect.
Priming effects on lexical access and decision processes: A signal-detection analysis
Psychological Research, 1992
to examine the assumption that in a lexical-decision task context effects are primarily the result of post-access processes. Experiment 1, in which prime-relatedness was varied within subjects, found changes in target sensitivity (d') without corresponding changes in the response criterion. This outcome was interpreted as evidence that prior context facilitates lexical access, whereas post-access contributions remain constant across conditions. When primerelatedness was varied between subjects in Experiment 2, the lexical-decision task showed differing context effects on access processes as well as on post-access processes. It was concluded that subjects adopt a single response criterion suited to maximize task performance. The particular response criterion adopted is a function of the stimulus set rather than a function of the relationship between prime and target on any single trial. Finally, it was concluded that post-access strategies alone are insufficient to account for context effects obtained when typical lexical-decision-task procedures are used, or to account for the magnitude of the differences obtained between the present experiments.
Repetition priming in an auditory lexical decision task: Effects of lexical status
Memory & Cognition, 1997
The effect of lexical status on the time course of repetition priming was examined in an auditory lexical decision task. Words and nonwords were repeated at lags of 0, 1, 4, and 8 items (Experiment IA) and 0, 2, 4, and 8 items (Experiment lB). The pattern of repetition effects differed for words and nonwords in that repetition priming for nonwords at lag 0 was significantly greater than for words. The magnitude of this effect decreased when one or more items intervened. A second experiment, replicating Experiment lA with visual presentation, clarified that the greater magnitude of repetition priming for nonwords at lag 0 is unique to the auditory modality.This finding suggests that in the course of forming a stable perceptual representation, the details of the acoustic/phonological information of an auditory stimulus are more readily available for nonwords than for words. The capacity to carry this phonological information is limited, however, and can only be maintained until another stimulus is encountered.
The Frequency Attenuation Effect in Identity and Associative Priming
The Spanish journal of psychology, 2010
Three lexical decision experiments were carried out, where the masked priming paradigm is used to study the role of the frequency attenuation effect (more priming in low-frequency target words than in high-frequency target words) in repetition and associative priming, manipulating Prime Duration (PD) and Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA). A new concept was introduced, Minimum Time Threshold (MTT), this is, the minimum time interval of exposure to the masked word in order to become aware of it. Results support the notion that MTT is a key to the appearance of the frequency attenuation effect when enough word processing time is allowed. Results do not support the unified explanation of masked priming and long-term priming as proposed by Bodner and Masson (2001). Moreover, information feedback from the semantic level was not the reason for the frequency attenuation effect in repetition priming.
Perceptual and response components in repetition priming of spoken words and pseudowords
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2011
Two experiments explored repetition priming effects for spoken words and pseudowords in order to investigate abstractionist and episodic accounts of spoken word recognition and repetition priming. In Experiment 1, lexical decisions were made on spoken words and pseudowords with half of the items presented twice (∼12 intervening items). Half of all repetitions were spoken in a “different voice” from the first presentations. Experiment 2 used the same procedure but with stimuli embedded in noise to slow responses. Results showed greater priming for words than for pseudowords and no effect of voice change in both normal and effortful processing conditions. Additional analyses showed that for slower participants, priming is more equivalent for words and pseudowords, suggesting episodic stimulus–response associations that suppress familiarity-based mechanisms that ordinarily enhance word priming. By relating behavioural priming to the time-course of pseudoword identification we showed th...
Biological Psychology, 1998
Semantic, phonological and repetition priming for auditorily presented words were examined, using both behavioral reaction times (RTs) and electrophysiological event-related potentials (ERPs) measures. On critical trials, a word prime was followed by a word target that was semantically or phonologically related (rime) or not related (control) to the prime. Pairs of word-pseudoword items served as fillers. Participants were asked to respond to word targets in the RT experiment and to pseudowords in the ERP experiment. In each experiment stimuli were presented once and then repeated in the very same way. RTs were found to be fastest for semantic, intermediate for rime and slowest for control targets; large repetition effects occurred for all targets. ERPs results showed that both semantic and phonological priming influenced the same component, namely the N400, whose amplitude was smallest to semantic, intermediate to rime and largest to control targets; repetition effects were only found for semantic trials.
PLOS ONE, 2015
It has been suggested that unmasked repetition priming is composed of distinct long-and short-term priming components. The current study sought to clarify the relationship between these components by examining the relationship between them. A total of 60 people (45 females, 15 males) participated in a computer-based lexical decision task designed to measure levels of short-term priming across different levels of long-term priming. The results revealed an interdependent relationship between the two components, whereby an increase in long-term priming prompted a decrease in short-term priming. Both long-term and short-term priming were accurately captured by a single power function over seven minutes post repetition, suggesting the two components may draw on the same resources. This interdependence between long-and short-term priming may serve to improve fluency in reading.
Perception and preference in short-term word priming
Psychological Review, 2001
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv Acknowledgements Many people were instrumental to the development, execution, and writing of this thesis. Most important among these is my advisor, Richard Shiffrin. His insight and guidance are sprinkled liberally throughout this work. Nearly all the experiments were designed and performed through the hard work and dedication of two students: Keith Lyle and Kirsten Ruys. Their names, as well as Richard Shiffrin's, appear in a version of this work submitted for publication. Besides those directly involved in the priming studies, there was a supporting cast of characters. Most important amongst these were Karen Loffland and Coralee Sons who made all the red tape melt away. Without the expertise of Bill Wang the technical difficulties would have been insurmountable. The advice and comments of members of the Shiffrin lab, which included Mark Steyvers, David Diller, Denis Cousineau, Amy Criss, Lael Schooler, Rachel Shoup and Peter Nobel, were invaluable. William K. Estes and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers deserve recognition for helpful comments on early drafts of this thesis. I am grateful to my parents, Ernest and Ellen, for bringing me into this world and instilling in me a sense of scientific curiousity. Most important of all, I would like to thank my wife, Christina Anderson, who believed in me through it all. v