Neosartorin, an ergochrome biosynthesized by Neosartorya fischeri (original) (raw)
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Pigments of Higher Fungi: A Review
Velíšek J., Cejpek K. (2011): Pigments of higher fungi – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 29: 87–102. This review surveys the literature dealing with the structure of pigments produced by fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota and also covers their significant colourless precursors that are arranged according to their biochemical origin to the shikimate, polyketide and terpenoid derived compounds. The main groups of pigments and their leucoforms include simple benzoquinones, terphenylquinones, pulvinic acids, and derived products, anthraquinones, terpenoid quinones, benzotropolones, compounds of fatty acid origin and nitrogen-containing pigments (betalains and other alkaloids). Out of three orders proposed, the concern is only focused on the orders Agaricales and Boletales and the taxonomic groups (incertae sedis) Cantharellales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, Russulales, and Telephorales that cover most of the so called higher fungi often referred to as mushrooms. Included are only the European species that have generated scientific interest due to their attractive colours, taxonomic importance and distinct biological activity.
Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology
Since ages, colors have been an integral part of humankind whether it belongs to foodstuff, clothing, or day-today living. Long back in history, various pigments are used by all the races. Earlier the colors that were in use were natural in origin, but due to rise in demand mankind shifted to manufacturing of synthetic colors. With the passage of time, it has been now proved that these synthetic colors have many side effects like being immunosuppressive, carcinogenic. Due to deleterious health effects, the need for some alternative has emerged that can be used as a color. Plants, insects, and other microorganisms have started taken place of synthetic colors. As there are many factors that limit the usage of plants and insects, research turned toward the microorganism. There are many fungi whose pigments are now considered as safe and economical. Fungi like Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillum, Monascus, Trichoderma, and Laetiporus are reported to produce quinones, anthraquinones, Rubropuntamine, Rubropuntatin, Ankaflavin, Monascin, b-carotene, and many other pigments responsible for various colors, viz. red, purple, yellow, brown, orange, and green. In addition to providing natural colors, these pigments possess many therapeutic applications like immune modulators, anticancer, antioxidant, antiproliferative. These pigments are produced as secondary metabolites by utilizing one of the pathways: polyketide, mevalonate, and shikimate pathways. The pigments are fermentative products so are affected by temperature, pH, carbon source, aeration, and type of fermentation (solid or submerged). There are many
Sartorypyrone D: a new NADH-fumarate reductase inhibitor produced by Neosartorya fischeri FO-5897
The Journal of antibiotics, 2015
NADH-fumarate reductase (NFRD) is an enzyme composed of complex I (NADH-quinone reductase) and complex II (quinolfumarate reductase) in an anaerobic electron transport chain. The NFRD system uses fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and can generate ATP in the absence of oxygen. 1 This system allows helminths to live in anaerobic circumstances inside host mammals. Mammals do not have NFRD in their mitochondria, therefore a selective inhibitor of NFRD is expected to be a good anthelmintic medicine. We have screened for inhibitors of NFRD using Ascaris suum (roundworm) mitochondria and previously reported the discovery of nafuredin, 2 atpenins, 3 paecilaminol, 4 verticipyrone 5 and ukulactones 6 from fungal secondary metabolites. In the course of this screening, we obtained a new NFRD inhibitor, sartorypyrone D (1). In this paper, we report the structural elucidation of 1, and the NFRD inhibitory activities of 1 and its derivatives, sartorypyrone A (2) 7 and aszonapyrones A (3) 8 and B (4), 9 produced by a fungal strain Neosartorya fischeri FO-5897 (Figure 1). Strain FO-5897 was isolated from a soil sample collected in Funabashi city, Chiba, Japan. Morphologically, this strain was classified in the genus Aspergillus. The ITS sequence of strain FO-5897 was elucidated and deposited at the DNA Data Bank of Japan, with the accession number AB921976. The ITS sequence of FO-5897 was compared with sequences in the MycoBank database by MycoID, pairwise sequence alignments 10 and it had a 99.3% similarity with that of CBS 544.65 (neotype of A. fischeri). From this information and morphological characteristics, FO-5897 was identified with N. fischeri (anamorph: A. fischeri). 11 The strain N. fischeri FO-5897 was maintained on an LcA slant consisting of 0.1% glycerol, 0.08% KH 2 PO 4 , 0.02% K 2 HPO 4 , 0.02% MgSO 4 •7H 2 O, 0.02% KCl, 0.2% NaNO 3 , 0.02% yeast extract and 1.5% agar (adjusted to pH 6.0 before sterilization). A loopful of spores of the strain was inoculated into 100 ml of seed culture medium consisting of 2.0% glucose, 0.5% Polypepton (Nihon Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan), 0.2% yeast extract, 0.2% KH 2 PO 4 , 0.05% MgSO 4 •7H 2 O and 0.1% agar (adjusted to pH 6.0 before sterilization
Bioactive Compounds from Terrestrial and Marine-Derived Fungi of the Genus Neosartorya †
Molecules
Fungi comprise the second most species-rich organism group after that of insects. Recent estimates hypothesized that the currently reported fungal species range from 3.5 to 5.1 million types worldwide. Fungi can grow in a wide range of habitats, from the desert to the depths of the sea. Most develop in terrestrial environments, but several species live only in aquatic habitats, and some live in symbiotic relationships with plants, animals, or other fungi. Fungi have been proved to be a rich source of biologically active natural products, some of which are clinically important drugs such as the β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin and cephalosporin, the immunosuppressant, cyclosporine, and the cholesterol-lowering drugs, compactin and lovastatin. Given the estimates of fungal biodiversity, it is easy to perceive that only a small fraction of fungi worldwide have ever been investigated regarding the production of biologically valuable compounds. Traditionally, fungi are classified primari...
ERGOT-NATURAL FUNGUS, PHARMOCOGNOSY AND UTILIZATION
Students at the University of Pittsburgh receive an introduction to pharmacognosy and natural products during their first-professional year in an introductory course in Drug Development. The role of natural products as both historical and continuing sources of drugs, as well as sources of precursors for semisynthetic modification and sources of probes for yet undiscovered drug moieties, is emphasized. In addition, students are continually exposed to the concept that complex natural products are a result of secondary metabolism, and as such are produced via the unique combination of a relatively limited number of structurally unsophisticated primary metabolites. As a consequence, secondary metabolites have a more limited distribution in nature, and their occurrence is an expression of the individuality of the parent species. This curricular dialog with pharmacognosy and various bioactive natural products continues in courses in the second-professional year [Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Disease 1 and 2 Cardiology) and thirdprofessional year (Oncology, Pulmonology & Rheumatology, Neurology/Psychiatry).
Production and Chemical Characterization of Pigments in Filamentous Fungi
Microbiology, 2015
Production of pigments by filamentous fungi is gaining interest owing to their use as food colourants, in cosmetics and textiles, and because of the important biological activities of these compounds. In this context, the objectives of this study were to select pigment-producing fungi, identify these fungi based on internal transcribed spacer sequences, evaluate the growth and pigment production of the selected strains on four different media, and characterize the major coloured metabolites in their extracts. Of the selected fungal strains, eight were identified as Aspergillus sydowii (CML2967), Aspergillus aureolatus (CML2964), Aspergillus keveii (CML2968), Penicillium flavigenum (CML2965), Penicillium chermesinum (CML2966), Epicoccum nigrum (CML2971), Lecanicillium aphanocladii (CML2970) and Fusarium sp. (CML2969). Fungal pigment production was influenced by medium composition. Complex media, such as potato dextrose and malt extract, favoured increased pigment production. The coloured compounds oosporein, orevactaene and dihydrotrichodimerol were identified in extracts of L. aphanocladii (CML2970), E. nigrum (CML2971), and P. flavigenum (CML2965), respectively. These results indicate that the selected fungal strains can serve as novel sources of pigments that have important industrial applications.
Marine drugs, 2017
A previously unreported dihydrochromone dimer, paecilin E (1), was isolated, together with eleven known compounds: β-sitostenone, ergosta-4,6,8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one, cyathisterone, byssochlamic acid, dehydromevalonic acid lactone, chevalone B, aszonalenin, dankasterone A (2), helvolic acid, secalonic acid A and fellutanine A, from the culture filtrate extract of the marine sponge-associated fungus Neosartorya fennelliae KUFA 0811. Nine previously reported metabolites, including a chromanol derivative (3), (3β, 5α, 22E), 3,5-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), byssochlamic acid, hopan-3β,22-diol, chevalone C, sartorypyrone B, helvolic acid, lumichrome and the alkaloid harmane were isolated from the culture of the marine-sponge associated fungus Neosartorya tsunodae KUFC 9213. Paecilin E (1), dankasterone A (2), a chromanol derivative (3), (3β, 5α, 22E)-3,5-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), hopan-3β,22-diol (5), lumichrome (6), and harmane (7) were tested for their antibacteri...