Fatty acids and retinyl esters of rat milk: effects of diet and duration of lactation (original) (raw)
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Fatty Acids and Retinyl Esters of Rat Milk: Effects of Diet and Duration of Lactation1
This study was initiated to explore the quantitative and qualitative differences in milk total fatty acids and milk retinyl esters when either hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated fat is fed during pregnancy and lactation. Rats were fed diets containing 10% by weight of corn oil or partially hydrogenated corn oil. Milk was collected on d 1, 8 and 14 of lactation and analyzed for protein, total fatty acids, fatty acid pattern, and retinyl ester pattern. Whereas diet produced no quantitative differ ences in milk protein or total fatty acids, the pattern of milk fatty acids varied signifi cantly. Rats fed corn oil produced milk having more medium-chain saturated fatty acids, less long-chain monoenoic fatty acids, and more polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to those fed hydrogenated corn oil. Rats fed hydrogenated corn oil pro duced milk fat having 21-26 % of the trans fatty acid, elaidic acid. Significant differ ences were also observed with duration of lactation: medium-chain fatty acids in creased three to fourfold between d 1 and 8, where cts-monoenes and polyunsaturated fatty acids declined. The pattern of milk retinyl esters strongly reflected, but was not identical to, that of total milk fat. Comparing d 14 milk from rats fed corn oil with that from rats fed hydrogenated corn oil, medium-chain esters of retinol constituted 24 and 11% of total retinyl esters, whereas saturated long-chain fatty acid esters constituted 52 and 44 %, respectively, trans Fatty acid esters of retinol comprised 24 % of vitamin A esters in milk of rats fed hydrogenated fat. These data provide evidence that the composition of milk retinyl esters, as well as that of total milk fat, is deter mined both by the type of fatty acids from diet and from diet-related differences in de novo synthesis of fatty acids within the mammary gland and other tissues.
Nutrition, 2009
Objective: We examined the effect of different amounts of dietary corn oil rich in linoleic acid (LA) on the endogenous synthesis of arachidonic acid (AA), uptake of its precursor LA, and fatty acid composition of tissues involved in the supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for milk synthesis. Methods: Female Sprague Dawley rats received one of the following diets during pregnancy and lactation: a low-lipid diet (LLD; 2%), an adequate-lipid diet (ALD; 5%), or a high-lipid diet (HLD; 10%). Lipids were provided by corn oil. On day 12 of lactation we measured the endogenous synthesis of AA and quantified the conversion of 13 C-LA to 13 C-AA and the metabolic fate of 13 C-LA from all dietary groups.
Influence of diet on trans fatty acids in human milk1' 2
2000
In two experiments on relations between diet and milk lipids, subjects recorded food intake for 1 week and saved duplicate portions of foods consumed on 3 days. Diet collections were analyzed for selected nutrients and percent fatty acids. In the first experiment, for 1 week five subjects took morning and evening milk samples for fatty add analysis. Significant differences were
Journal of Nutritional Science, 2015
Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition in early postnatal life can modulate growth and development and later metabolic health. Investigating programming effects of early dietary FA manipulations in rodents may be stressful and complicated due to the need of artificial feeding techniques. It is largely unknown to what extent breast milk (BM) FA composition can be directly manipulated by the diet. We exposed dams to different dietary FA compositions from postnatal day (PN) 2 until PN28. Dams with litters were randomly assigned to control (CTRL), high-medium-chain FA (MCFA), low-linoleic acid (LowLA), high-n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3LCP) or high-n-3LCP and MCFA (n-3LCP/MCFA) diets, and diets were continued after weaning until PN28. FA compositions were determined in feeds, milk and in erythrocytes. BM MCFA content was independent from dietary MCFA intake. In contrast, the LowLA diet reduced BM LA content by about 50 % compared with the CTRL diet at PN7. BM of dams fed then-3LCP orn-3LCP/MCFA...
animal, 2007
The purpose of the present study was to compare the influence of adding no or 8% fat of varying sources (coconut oil, fish oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil) to diets for sows 1 week prior to farrowing and during lactation on the composition of fatty acids in plasma and tissues of the progeny while sucking and 3 weeks after weaning from the sow. A control diet without supplemental fat and four diets supplemented with 8% of coconut oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil or sunflower oil were provided to lactating sows (n = 15), and during the post-weaning period the same weaner diet was provided to all piglets (n = 15 litters), which were housed litterwise. The dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids of the maternal diets largely influenced the progeny, as the ratio varying from 1.2 (fish oil) to 12.2 (sunflower oil) in the sow milk was reflected in plasma and adipose tissues of the sucking progeny. The liver showed similar variations according to dietary treatments, but a lower n-6:n-3 fatty ac...
Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study
Nutrients
The lipid fraction of human milk provides the infant with the fatty acids that are necessary for optimal growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk at three time points during lactation and its change over time using appropriate statistical methods. Human milk samples from breastfeeding mothers at 6 weeks (n = 706), 6 months (n = 483), and 12 months (n = 81 with all three time points) were analyzed. Centered log-ratio (clr) transformation was applied to the fatty acid data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear model-based repeated measure analysis were used to assess changes over time. The total lipid content was significantly higher at 6 months (β = 0.199, p < 0.029) and 12 months of lactation (β = 0.421, p < 0.001). The constituents of C20:3n-6 and C20:3n-3 were lower at 6 months (p < 0.001). Four distinct sub-compositional fatty acid groups were only identified at 12 months of lactation. ...
Animal Science, 2006
It is well established that plant oils reduce milk saturated fatty acid content and enhance concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans C 18:1 in milk fat, but there is increasing evidence to suggest that milk fat CLA responses are often transient and decline over time. It is probable that time dependent adaptations in ruminal biohydrogenation and changes in milk fatty acid composition to lipid supplements are, at least in part, related to the composition of the basal diet. To test this hypothesis, 18 Holstein cows were used in a continuous randomized block design to examine changes in milk fatty acid composition over time in response to plant oils included in diets of variable composition. Cows were randomly allocated to one of three basal diets containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) maize silage (267) and concentrates (733) (diet C); maize silage (332), grass hay (148) and concentrates (520) (diet M), or grass hay (642) and concentrates (358) (diet H). Basal rations were offered for 21 days, after which diets were supplemented with 50 g sunflower per kg DM (diets C-S and M-S) or 50 g linseed oil per kg DM (diet H-L). Oils were included in all rations incrementally over a five day period (days 0 -4), and responses to 50 g/kg DM of the respective oils were evaluated for 17 days (days 4 to 20). Milk fatty acid composition was intensively monitored from days 2 2 to 20. In contrast to the H-L diet, both C-S and M-S treatments decreased ( P , 0·05) DM intake, milk fat content and yield, while the C-S diet also reduced ( P , 0·05) milk yield. Milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 C 18:1 contents were enhanced on the C-S and M-S treatments but the increases were transient reaching the highest concentrations between days 4 and 6 (cis-9, trans-11 CLA: 1·94 and 2·18 g per 100 g total fatty acids; trans-11 C 18:1 : 4·88 and 6·23 g per 100 g total fatty acids, respectively) but declined thereafter. In marked contrast, concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 C 18:1 in milk from the H-L diet increased gradually over time, responses that were maintained until the end of the experiment (2·89 and 7·49 g per 100 g total fatty acids, respectively). Decreases in milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 C 18:1 after day 6 on the M-S and C-S diets were associated with concomitant increases in milk fat trans-10 C 18:1 content reaching 7·22 and 18·62 g per 100 g total fatty acids on day 18, respectively, whereas concentrations of trans-10 C 18:1 in milk on the H-L diet remained low throughout the experiment (0·70 g per 100 g total fatty acids on day 18). Furthermore, milk fat trans-11, cis-13 CLA, trans-11, trans-13 CLA and trans-12, trans-14 CLA contents were all enhanced on the H-L diet, while the M-S and C-S diets increased trans-8, cis-10 CLA, trans-10, cis-12 CLA and trans-9, cis-11 CLA concentrations. Across all diets, decreases in milk fat content were associated with increases in milk trans-10 C 18:1 , trans-10, cis-12 and trans-9, cis-11 CLA concentrations (r 2 ¼ 0·93, 0·88 and 0·89, respectively). In conclusion, the relative abundance of trans C 18:1 and CLA isomers in milk fat were dependent on the composition of the basal diet, type of plant oil and duration of lipid supplementation, highlighting the challenges in developing nutritional strategies for the production of milk highly enriched with CLA over an extended period of time.
Archives Animal Breeding, 2012
The aim of the study was to determine an influence of diet additives in a form of protected palm oil, protected fish oil or unprotected fish oil with glycerol in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows on milk fatty acid composition, metabolism, milk yield and milk composition. Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein did not differ statistically between the groups. A significant increase (P<0.01) in glucose level in blood was noted after application of unprotected fish oil with glycerol. The lowest concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids, with the highest cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentration was observed in protected fish oil. An increase in the content of long-chain acids was observed in milk fat of cows receiving protected fish oil when compared to the group receiving palm oil and unprotected fish oil with glycerol. Concentration of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) was higher (P<0.01) in protected fish oil and unprotected fish oil with glycerol when compared to palm oil group. These changes were corresponded by concentration of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (1.71, 1.68 and 0.61 g/100 g of total fatty acids, respectively). Irrespectively of the form of fish oil administration, an increase in milk eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was noted. The present experiment provides evidence that milk fatty acids can be manipulated via dietary fish oil or unprotected fish oil and glycerol application.