Genetic variability and antifungal susceptibilities of clinical Trichoderma isolates (original) (raw)
Related papers
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2006
Cellulose-acetate electrophoresis was used to investigate isoenzyme polymorphisms in 10 clinical and 11 non-clinical Trichoderma isolates. After initial testing of 13 enzyme systems for activity and resolution of bands, 7 proved to be appropriate for identifying the different species. Comparing the different electrophoretic types of both clinical and non-clinical isolates, each of the enzyme systems investigated (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, B, D, and phosphoglucomutase) proved to be diagnostic for at least one species. Based on the results of isoenzyme analysis, several isolates originally identified as T. pseudokoningii, T. koningii or T. citrinoviride were reidentified as T. longibrachiatum. This was supported by previous data from sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the isolates. The application of a quick, cheap and reliable diagnostic tool for the identification of T. longibrachiatum strains would be very important, as most of the clinical Trichoderma isolates belong to T. longibrachiatum, Cellulose-acetate electrophoresis seems to be promising for this purpose. Furthermore, as a great number of enzyme systems are available for this method, molecular markers could also be found for the practical diagnostics of other clinically relevant fungal species.
Journal of clinical microbiology, 2014
A set of 73 isolates of the emerging fungus Trichoderma isolated from human and animal clinical specimens were characterized morphologically and molecularly using a multilocus sequence analysis that included the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and fragments of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (Tef1), endochitinase CHI18-5 (Chi18-5), and actin 1 (Act1) genes. The most frequent species was Trichoderma longibrachiatum (26%), followed by Trichoderma citrinoviride (18%), the Hypocrea lixii/Trichoderma harzianum species complex (15%), the newly described species Trichoderma bissettii (12%), and Trichoderma orientale (11%). The most common anatomical sites of isolation in human clinical specimens were the respiratory tract (40%), followed by deep tissue (30%) and superficial tissues (26%), while all the animal-associated isolates were obtained from superficial tissue samples. Susceptibilities of the isolates to eight antifungal drugs in vitro...
Isozyme Analysis and Relationships Between Three Trichoderma Species In Malaysian Isolates
Isozyme and protein electrophoresis data from mycelial extracts of 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, 10 isolates of T. aureoviride, and 10 isolates of T. longibrachiatum from Southern Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. The eight enzyme and a single protein pattern systems were analyzed. Three isozyme and total protein patterns were shown to be useful for the detection of three Trichoderma species. The isozyme and protein data were analyzed using the Nei and Li Dice similarity coefficient for pairwise comparison between individual isolates, species isolate group, and for generating a distance matrix. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed a higher degree of relationship between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride than to T. longibrachiatum. These results suggested that the T.harzianum isolates had high levels of genetic variation compared with the other isolates of Trichoderma species.
Isozyme Analysis and Relationships Among Three Species in Malaysian Trichoderma Isolates
JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2010
Isozyme and protein electrophoresis data from mycelial extracts of 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, 10 isolates of T. aureoviride, and 10 isolates of T. longibrachiatum from Southern Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. The eight enzyme and a single protein pattern systems were analyzed. Three isozyme and total protein patterns were shown to be useful for the detection of three Trichoderma species. The isozyme and protein data were analyzed using the Nei and Li Dice similarity coefficient for pairwise comparison between individual isolates, species isolate group, and for generating a distance matrix. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed a higher degree of relationship between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride than to T. longibrachiatum. These results suggested that the T. harzianum isolates had high levels of genetic variation compared with the other isolates of Trichoderma species.
Clinical importance of the genus Trichoderma
Acta microbiologica et …, 2003
Running title: Clinical importance of Trichoderma Abstract Opportunistic fungal infections have been occurring with increasing frequency in recent years in immunocompromised patients. Several data were published in the last decade about the clinical importance of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma, indicating, that Trichoderma strains -besides their agricultural and biotechnological importance -may be potential opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised hosts as well. This review is going to summarize the clinical case reports about Trichoderma infections, and discuss the information available on the antifungal susceptibility and on the ecophysiological, enzymological and systematic aspects of clinical Trichoderma isolates.
The first 100 Trichoderma species characterized by molecular data
Mycoscience, 2006
Trichoderma species are generally abundant on decaying wood and in soil because of their success in various heterotrophic interactions, including decomposition, parasitism, and even opportunistic endophytism. Many Trichoderma species or, precisely, many individual Trichoderma strains, have various important applications in industry and human life, which led to the inclusion of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei), the well-known producer of industrial enzymes, in the list of organisms whose genomes have been sequenced. Trichoderma species also have been adopted as agents of biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and as antibiotic producers. Trichoderma longibrachiatum is known as an opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised mammals, including humans, and some species are common indoor contaminants. Given these properties, correct identification at the species level is highly desirable. However, within the past decade, the number of recognized Trichoderma species has tripled, reaching 100. Therefore, Trichoderma taxonomy and species identification is a difficult issue. The abundant homoplasy in phenetic characters is likely the reason, given that the number of morphologically distinct species is significantly lower than the number of phylogenetically distinct species recognized using methods of gene sequence analysis. In this review, we introduce to the scientific community the development of modern tools for Trichoderma species identification: the oligonucleotide barcode program TrichOKEY version 1.0, and TrichoBLAST, the multilocus database of vouchered sequences powered by a similarity search tool. We also discuss the application of the Genealogic Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition approach. In combination, these advances make it possible to identify all known Trichoderma species based on sequence analysis.
Isoenzyme analysis and relationships among three species in Malaysian Trichoderma isolates
Journal of Microbiology …, 2010
Isozyme and protein electrophoresis data from mycelial extracts of 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, 10 isolates of T. aureoviride, and 10 isolates of T. longibrachiatum from Southern Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. The eight enzyme and a single protein pattern systems were analyzed. Three isozyme and total protein patterns were shown to be useful for the detection of three Trichoderma species. The isozyme and protein data were analyzed using the Nei and Li Dice similarity coefficient for pairwise comparison between individual isolates, species isolate group, and for generating a distance matrix. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed a higher degree of relationship between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride than to T. longibrachiatum. These results suggested that the T. harzianum isolates had high levels of genetic variation compared with the other isolates of Trichoderma species.
Genetic and metabolic diversity of Trichoderma: a case study on South-East Asian isolates
Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2003
We have used isolates of Trichoderma spp. collected in South-East Asia, including Taiwan and Western Indonesia, to assess the genetic and metabolic diversity of endemic species of Trichoderma. Ninety-six strains were isolated in total, and identified at the species level by analysis of morphological and biochemical characters (Biolog system), and by sequence analysis of their internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) of the rDNA cluster, using ex-type strains and taxonomically established isolates of Trichoderma as reference. Seventy-eight isolates were positively identified as Trichoderma harzianum/Trichoderma inhamatum (37 strains) Trichoderma virens (16 strains), Trichoderma spirale (8 strains), Trichoderma koningii (3 strains), Trichoderma atroviride (3 strains), Trichoderma asperellum (4 strains), Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei; 2 strains), Trichoderma viride (2 strains), Trichoderma hamatum (1 strain), and Trichoderma ghanense (1 strain). Analysis of biochemical characters revealed that T. virens, T. spirale, T. asperellum, T. koningii, H. jecorina, and T. ghanense formed clearly defined clusters, thus exhibiting speciesspecific metabolic properties. In biochemical character analysis T. atroviride and T. viride formed partially overlapping clusters, indicating that these two species may share overlapping metabolic characteristics. This behavior was even more striking with T. harzianum/T. inhamatum where genotypes defined on the basis of ITS1 and 2 sequences overlapped significantly with adjacent genotypes in the biochemical character analysis, and four strains from the same location (Bali, Indonesia) even clustered with species from section Longibrachiatum. The data indicate that the T. harzianum/T. inhamatum group represents species with high metabolic diversity and partially unique metabolic characteristics. Nineteen strains yielded three different ITS1/2 sequence types which were not alignable with any known species. They were also uniquely characterized by morphological and biochemical characters and therefore represent three new taxa of Trichoderma.
Ten species of Trichoderma were isolated from the rhizospheric soil, collected from the different locations of U.P. Both morphological and molecular characterization of the isolated species was done. All the ten isolated species were screened for chitinase enzyme production on solid agar medium using bromocresol purple for developing the clear zone around colonies, and characterized due to its antagonistic effect against mycelia growth of pathogenic fungi. The nucleotide sequences (submitted and retrieved from NCBI) of all ten Trichoderma species are analyzed through TrichOKEY 2 program for their validation post molecular identification. This has confirmed the selected sequences as specific strains of Trichoderma species.