Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory (original) (raw)
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The statistical structure of a class of objects such as human faces can be exploited to recognize familiar faces from novel viewpoints and under variable illumination conditions. We present computational and psychophysical data concerning the extent to which class-based learning transfers or generalizes within the class of faces. We first examine the computational prerequisite for generalization across views of novel faces, namely, the similarity of different faces to each other. We next describe two computational models which exploit the similarity structure of the class of faces. The performance of these models constrains hypotheses about the nature of face representation in human vision, and supports the notion that human face processing operates in a class-based fashion. Finally, we relate the computational data to well-established findings in the human memory literature concerning the relationship between the typicality and recognizability of faces.
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Abstract 1. Previous studies have suggested that face identification is more sensitive to variations in spatial frequency content than object recognition, but none have compared how sensitive the 2 processes are to variations in spatial frequency overlap (SFO). The authors tested face and object matching accuracy under varying SFO conditions. Their results showed that object recognition was more robust to SFO variations than face recognition and that the vulnerability of faces was not due to reliance on configural processing.
Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory
Experiments were conducted in which Ss made classification, recognition, and similarity judgments for 34 schematic faces. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) solution for the faces was derived on the basis of the similarity judgments. This MDS solution was then used in conjunction with an exemplar-similarity model to accurately predict Ss' classification and recognition judgments. Evidence was provided that Ss allocated attention to the psychological dimensions differentially for classification and recognition. The distribution of attention came close to the ideal-observer distribution for classification, and some tendencies in that direction were observed for recognition. Evidence was also provided for interactive effects of individual exemplar frequencies and similarities on classification and recognition, in accord with the predictions of the exemplar model. Unexpectedly, however, the frequency effects appeared to be larger for classification than for recognition.
Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1991
Experiments were conducted in which Ss made classification, recognition, and similarity judgments for 34 schematic faces. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) solution for the faces was derived on the basis of the similarity judgments. This MDS solution was then used in conjunction with an exemplar-similarity model to accurately predict Ss' classification and recognition judgments. Evidence was provided that Ss allocated attention to the psychological dimensions differentially for classification and recognition. The distribution of attention came close to the ideal-observer distribution for classification, and some tendencies in that direction were observed for recognition. Evidence was also provided for interactive effects of individual exemplar frequencies and similarities on classification and recognition, in accord with the predictions of the exemplar model. Unexpectedly, however, the frequency effects appeared to be larger for classification than for recognition.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-human Perception and Performance, 2004
Previous studies have suggested that face identification is more sensitive to variations in spatial frequency content than object recognition, but none have compared how sensitive the 2 processes are to variations in spatial frequency overlap (SFO). The authors tested face and object matching accuracy under varying SFO conditions. Their results showed that object recognition was more robust to SFO variations than face recognition and that the vulnerability of faces was not due to reliance on configural processing. They suggest that variations in sensitivity to SFO help explain the vulnerability of face recognition to changes in image format and the lack of a middle-frequency advantage in object recognition.
On ignoring irrelevant dimensions of common familiar stimuli
1981
Line drawings of four animals, each differing in size and orientation, were paired with each other in all possible combinations and presented in a successive matching task. In the first experiment, the subjects responded "same" if the stimuli had the same name. The "same" RT was faster for physically identical stimuli than for stimuli that differed on one or two dimensions but still had the same name. "Same" responses were about twice as slow as "different" responses, a finding confirmed in the second experiment, in which subjects responded "same" only to physically identical stimuli. It was suggested that slower "same" responses may result from a general picture-processing strategy in which differences were noticed faster than similarities. This research was conducted when both authors were affiliated with the University of Rochester. We thank Dennis Fisher for his kind permission to use the tachistoscope at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds and, when it was on loan at the University of Rochester, Alfred O. Dick for his substantial help in programming and data analysis, and James Qark for drawing superb stimuli. Requests for reprints should be sent to: lla Parasnis,
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