Green Chemistry and Its Application in Textile Industry (original) (raw)
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Green Chemistry and Textile Industry
Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
Contrary to non-sustainable, non-renewable fossil fuel-based conventional chemical processes, green reactions are sustainable, highly efficient (fewer steps, fewer resources, less waste), much easy-to-use (stable under ambient conditions) and very much eco-friendly (non-hazardous solvents and less hazardous minimized waste). They are assessed by twelve principles. The textile industry is considered as ecologically one of the most polluting industries in the world. Recently a number of steps have been taken to make textile processing greener. These include use of greener fiber, greener dyes and auxiliaries, greener solvents, eco-friendly, optimized and efficient processing, bio-processing, recycling of textile, water and chemicals and elimination of hazardous chemicals.
Cleaner (sustainable) production in textile wet processing
The textile industry includes a variety of processes ranging from the manufacture of synthetic fibers and fabric production to retail sales. The wet-processing operations, namely preparation, dyeing and finishing of textile products which are used to give the desired characteristics to the yarn or fabric, require the use of several chemical baths. They consume vast amounts of energy, chemicals and water. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mainly arise from textiles finishing, drying processes, and solvent use. VOC concentrations vary from 10 mg m -3 for the thermosol process to 350 mg carbon m -3 for drying and condensation process. Process wastewater is a major source of pollutants. It is typically alkaline and has high BOD5 (700 to 2,000 mg l -1 ) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (approximately 2 to 5 times the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) level), solids, oil and possibly toxic organics, including phenols (from dyeing and finishing) and halogenated organics (from processes such as bleaching). Dye wastewaters are frequently highly colored and may contain heavy metals such as copper and chromium. Wool processing may release bacteria and other pathogens. Pesticides are sometimes used for the preservation of natural fibers and these are transferred to wastewaters during washing and scouring operations. Pesticides are also used for moth proofing, brominated flame retardants for synthetic fabrics, and isocyanates for lamination wastewaters may also contain heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and copper. Air emissions include dust, oil mists, acid vapors, odors, and boiler exhausts.
Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
Introduction, is development or environment more ımportant? The extraordinary expansion of the global economy in recent years has also caused the explosion in consumption. While some of this growth in consumption is necessary for people to continue their lives, the rest is not. Like richness, consumption is also showing uneven distribution. Even though consumption of per person has risen in large areas of the world, these increases are not the same for everybody, and the differences between the increases are huge. 86% of personal consumption outlays are carried out by the richest unions of the world, while the poor are consuming 1.3%. A person in North America is estimated to average about 20 times more than a person in China or India and about 65 times more than someone in Bangladesh. Today, the expenditures of 100 million people living in industrially developed regions correspond to the consumption of more than one billion people living in underdeveloped regions of the world, just to meet fundamental requirements. This case is problematic because it has two contradictory appearances and both of them put great pressure on the global environment. 1,2 People who can not even use up sufficient to supply their fundamental requirements are compelled to make short-range verdicts that often have adverse long-dated effects on the environment to meet their needs. Examples of environmental problems caused by low consumption and poverty include cyanide fisheries which threatening the reef ecosystem of poor fishermen in Southeast Asia, farmers in Africa burning trees for rice bread, destroying forests and increasing poverty and deprivation by accelerating erosion and desertification. 1 Advanced production technologies, which are used to meet increased consumption demands, have also made production activities important to the global environment. The developing technology brought about the problems like pollution of the environment, air, and water, thinning of the ozone layer, a decrease of green areas. In response, however, a public opinion has emerged, especially in developed countries, that is sensitive to these problems. New precautions have begun to be considered both to maintain industrialization and to protect the environment. It has been shown that cleaning up after the pollution is more costly than cleaning up before the pollution, and it is not possible to restore the degraded ecological balance after pollution. This led to the discussion of "how can we industrialize by protecting environmental values" instead of "development or environment is more important". 3 Along with the technological developments in recent years, developments in the textile sector as well as in many sectors have played a major role in the increase of environmental problems. The main environmental impact in the textile industry is manifested by the discharge of high amounts of chemical loads into the receiving environment. Other important elements are high chemical and water use, energy consumption, air pollution, solid waste and odor formation. Environmental issues related to textile and garment sector; it starts with drugs that are used in the cultivation of natural fibers and
Environmental impact assessment of an eco-efficient production for coloured textiles
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015
The textile and clothing industry is one of the world most global industries and constitutes an important source of income and employment for several EU countries. The textile manufacturing process is characterized by high consumption of resources such as water, fuel and a variety of chemicals in a long process sequence generating a significant load on the environment. Therefore, in order to meet the consumers demand of eco-friendly products, more sustainable production processes are under investigation in order to reduce the environmental burdens. The feasibility of these alternative solutions has been demonstrated during the EU BISCOL project proposing a new dyeing process as a global alternative for the conversion of raw materials into competitive eco-viable final products. This has been achieved through the integration of enzymatic synthesis of dyes at semi-industrial scale, textile pre-treatment based on plasma technology and synthesis of new auxiliaries at lower environmental impact. A life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impact associated with the development of new strategies for textile industry in comparison to classical dyeing processes. Results based on primary data from the consortium partners involved in the project show that relevant benefits are achievable with an innovative protocol in terms of reducing energy, water and raw materials consumption.
Sustainability of the use of natural dyes in the textile industry
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
The waste of synthetic dyes from the textile industry causes environmental problems, and it is categorized as hazardous wastes. In contrast, the use of natural dyes is reported to produce fewer pollutants. However, the use of mordant for improving the quality of the dyeing process may release hazardous pollutants because mordant that is commonly used contains heavy metals. In order to claim that the use of natural dyes promotes the sustainable textile industry, it is challenging to find alternative sources of mordant-like materials that are environmental-friendly. It has been reported that tannins could replace mordant for dyeing process using natural dyes. This paper discussed the sustainability of the use of natural dyes in the textile industry based on economic, environmental and social aspects.
IMPACT OF TEXTILE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - Part - I
Clothing is something that is required by all human beings. It is one of the most fundamental requirements needed to survive. As it is the biggest economic activity the textile industries are to satisfy the ever growing demands in terms of quality, variety, fastness and other technical requirements. But the use of dyestuff has become increasingly a subject of environmental concern. Therefore, it is essential to evolve regulations designated to improve health, safety and the human and natural environment. Living in an environmental conscious era, consumers have demanding requirements in many areas. Being aware of environmental issues, nowadays consumers look upon eco friendly products. Today people have started looking for “Green Products” everywhere. In terms of textile products, the purchasing decision of consumers were previously based upon comfort, style, aesthetic appeal, etc, but now more on eco-friendliness of the products. Many clothing companies have started providing clothes made from eco-friendly fabrics, and the demands for these green products are also increasing. The criteria to judge any material as “environmental friendly” are renewability, ecological footprint of the resource, usage of any chemical to grow/process the same to make it ready for use. If textile producing companies embrace these trends, they can not only capitalize by increasing profits, but also sleep better knowing that they are doing their part to protect our environment. Adopting friendly practices such as reusing and recycling wastewaters is a great start for accomplishing these goals.
Chemistry of sustainable coloration of textile materials
Expanding ecological cognizance all through the globe has constrained scientists and industrialists to become accustomed to more sustainable techniques. Wet processing technology in textiles devours heaps of water, synthetic compounds, colorants, and assisting chemicals which create a high measure of discharge load and eco-standard of conclusive product. Different methodologies have been proposed by numerous specialists and rehearsed effectively in controlling the said issues of textile wet processing such as the utilization of biotechnology and dyeing with natural colorants, pigments are regarded as one of the significant perspectives in the mentioned territories. In the past, natural dyes were the main wellsprings for coloring textiles. With the creation of synthetic colorants in 1856 by W H Perkin from coal tar, the utilization of natural dyes dropped immensely. Regardless of some basic restrictions related to dyeing of textile fibers with natural dyes, synthetic dyes have been broadly embraced in numerous applications because of its availability and easy application methods. Despite the high market share of the overall industry, the creation and application techniques for synthetic dyes have some ecological limitations, for example, causing water pollution and hazardous to humans. Besides, synthetic dyes are relying upon hydrocarbons, which is a non-inexhaustible wellspring of chemicals for the synthetic dyeing method. Nowadays, the capability of natural dye utilization consistently rises because of their particular favorable circumstances like nonharmful, noncancer-causing, renewable source, and ecologically amicable. 4.2 Eco-friendly pretreatment of textiles Cellulose fibers, regardless of whether they are extracted from nature or chemically modified, need some type of treatment to make them reasonable for coloring or finishing process. This treatment, which evacuates common or included contaminations, is known as pretreatment. It tends to be done on fibers, yarns, or fabrics. For cotton and other natural fibers pretreatment process includes singeing, desizing, scouring, mercerization, and bleaching. These pretreatment processes consume a large amount of water, chemicals, and electricity (Table 4.1). The existence of colorants in water is particularly unsafe since a large portion of these synthetic substances are entirely stable toward sunlight based radiation, humidity, microbial assaults, and agents which cause oxidation [1]. To wipe out the existence of dyes in both natural water reservoirs and industrial wastewater plants, different procedures were followed, for instance, using chemicals and biological substances, ion exchange process, membrane
Water and chemical management studies for cleaner production in a textile industry
Chemical engineering transactions, 2014
In this study, environmental performance of a textile mill employing fiber production and subsequent dyeing was evaluated in detail. Cleaner production assessment studies based on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) principles were conducted. Specific water and chemical consumptions in wet processes were calculated using mass balance analysis. The potential wastewater and/or chemical recovery and reuse options were determined. A company-wide chemical inventory study was conducted and the chemicals were evaluated in terms of their toxicological effects. It was found that a total of 29 chemicals should be replaced with less toxic and more biodegradable counterparts. By the application of suggested cleaner production options, the potential reductions in water and chemical consumptions and wastewater generations were determined. After the implementation of good management practices, wastewater recovery and reuse, machinery modifications, and chemical optimizations/replace...