Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Depression: A 9-Year Follow-Up Study (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2010
The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) have been suggested as relatively stable vulnerability markers for depression and entrenched psychological disorders, respectively. One-hundred-and-forty-nine clinically depressed (CDs), previously depressed (PDs) and never-depressed subjects (NDs) completed the DAS, the YSQ and the Beck Depression Inventory in the index study and were followed-up nine years later. Results showed: (1) Elevated scores in CDs and PDs as compared to NDs; (2) Some stability of depressive symptoms; (3) Significant moderate testeretest correlations for DAS scales and YSQ scales Disconnection and Impaired Limits, also after controlling for depression severity; (4) A significant reduction in mean score for DAS total, Approval by Others and YSQ scales Disconnection and Impaired Limits; (5) Significant correlations between DAS and YSQ scales. Our results support a state-trait vulnerability model of depression comprising stable differences in availability of dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas, but also fluctuating differences in accessibility of those schemas during the course of depression. The findings point to the significance of the YSQ scales as vulnerability markers for depression in addition to the more established DAS scales.
Prediction of Depression through Early Maladaptive Schemas
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2015
The aim of the present project was assessing the correlation between Young's early maladaptive schemas model and depression symptoms between non-hospitalized depressed patients and healthy group. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are stable and trait-like underlying beliefs that considered as the infrastructure of recurrent and chronic psychological disorders. In this study, the correlation between these schemas and chronic depression disorders are evaluated. In this project, 47 nonhospitalized depressed patients who referred to the health care and clinical centers of Kermanshah city, during a year, were detected by using structured interview and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Also, 49 cases referred to clinics for mild problems were considered as the control group (=N96). Fifteen EMSs were measured through Young Schemas Questionnaire-Short Form Schemas (YSQ-SF). The data was analyzed using correlation and multiple regression method. The highest meaningful correlation was ascribed to the schemas of disease and vulnerability to harm (r=0.64) and the lowest one was achieved by schemas of constraints hampered (r=0.45). By using stepwise multiple regression model, with combination of four schemas of disease and vulnerability to harm, social isolation, emotional inhibition, and continence/insufficient discipline about 61% (r2=0.61) of chronic depression changes could be explained. The four schemas of EMS, vulnerability, social isolation, emotional inhibition, and continence/insufficient discipline enable to present the largest amount of variance of the dependent variable or so called chronic depression. However, schemas like failure to achieve, abandonment, mistrust, emotional deprivation, defectiveness / shame, dependency, subjugation, self-sacrifice, unrelenting standards, entitlement, and self-control cannot significantly predict the major parts of dependent variables. The findings showed that EMSs have a positive correlation with the severity of depression' and chronic depression can be predicted with a high accuracy through these schemas. The accuracy of this prediction in the rejection cut is higher than other fields.
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2009
The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) have been suggested as vulnerability markers for depression. One-hundred forty clinically depressed subjects(CD), previously depressed subjects(PD) and never depressed (ND) controls completed the YSQ, the TCI and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results showed that CD and PD differed signifi cantly on early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits compared with ND. In accordance with previous research, higher levels of harm avoidance and lower levels of self-directedness were found in CD and in recovered PD. Moreover, CD and PD showed substantial variability in the scores on the YSQ and the TCI when controlling for concurrent depression severity. In multiple regression analyses, YSQ domain scales of disconnection, impaired autonomy, restricted self-expression and impaired limits emerged as signifi cant predictors of depression severity. Likewise, as concerns TCI higher order scales, high harm avoidance, low self-directedness and high persistence emerged as signifi cant predictors of depression severity. Harm avoidance was positively related to several early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), whereas self-directedness was negatively related to a majority of the EMSs. Our fi ndings indicate the presence of maladaptive personality characteristics in CD and PD. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish their causal role in relation to fi rst-onset and recurrent depression.
Early maladaptive schemas in chronically depressed patients: A preliminary investigation
Clinical Psychologist
Background: Schema therapy has been proposed as a potentially effective treatment for chronic depression. However, little is known about early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), a key concept in schema therapy, in relation to chronic depression or chronic depression with comorbid personality pathology. The aim of the present study was to compare EMSs between currently chronically depressed patients with comorbid cluster C personality disorder (CD CPD), currently chronically depressed patients (CD), and patients remitted from chronic depression (CD R). Methods: Based on data from a naturalistic follow-up study on psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder, three groups were formed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV: CD CPD (n = 15), CD (n = 23), and CD R (n = 13). Groups were compared in terms of background information and measurements for depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and EMSs (Young Schema Questionnaire). Results: Patients with CD CPD and CD did not differ in terms of background variables or the severity of depressive symptoms, but patients with CD CPD were more maladaptive with respect to the majority of EMSs. Patients with CD R were less depressed than CD CPD or CD patients, but did not differ in terms of EMSs compared with CD patients. Conclusions: Comorbid cluster C personality disorder appears to be associated with more severe EMS endorsement in chronically depressed patients. Remitted patients show similar cognitive vulnerability factors in terms of EMSs compared to those currently chronically depressed. The findings suggest that EMSs may contribute to vulnerability to chronic depression. Focusing on EMSs may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic depression. Key Points 1 Comorbid cluster C personality disorder is associated with elevated maladaptive cognitive schema endorsement in chronically depressed patients. 2 Patients with chronic depression in remission show similar early maladaptive schemas to those currently chronically depressed, indicating cognitive vulnerability to depression. 3 Addressing maladaptive cognitive schemas through psychotherapy may be beneficial in treating chronically depressed patients.
Objective: Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) or fundamental beliefs that underpin stable and trait-like psychological disorders are chronic and relapsing. In, active schemas in dysthymic patients with major depression have been compared with healthy individuals.The purpose of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas (Young, 2003, 1990) in dysthymic patients with major depression and healthy subjects. Method: For this study, 46 patients with major depression and 20 non-hospitalized patients with dysthymic during the year who referred to medical centers and clinics in Kermanshah (a city in West of Iran) were selected through structured interviews and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and 66 patients with mild problems who referred to the clinic were considered as control group. 15 early maladaptive schemas through Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) were measured. Results: Analysis of variance showed that maladaptive schemas was different in the three groups. Maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, social isolation, defectiveness/ shame, and failure in patients with dysthymic, and maladaptive schemas of Self-sacrifice, and unrelenting standards/ hypercriticalness, entitlement/grandiosity, were active in patients with major depression. Healthy people were not active in any schema incompatibility. Maladaptive schemas in patients with dysthymic were more than the other two groups. Conclusion: In depression group, all early maladaptive schemas except abandonment and dependence / incompetence schemas, indicated higher scores. The evidence shows that schemas of emotional deprivation, social isolation, failure, and defectiveness/shame are specific keys for dysthymic disorder and emotional inhibition, and unrelenting standards are the keys for major depressive disorder.
Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 2023
This study was undertaken with the primary objective of assessing the efficacy of schema therapy in addressing dysfunctional attitudes and emotional dysregulation among patients diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder. The research methodology employed in this investigation followed a semi-experimental approach, incorporating a pre-test and post-test design encompassing both experimental and control groups. The study's target population consisted of all individuals diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder who sought treatment at psychology and psychiatry clinics in Tehran in 2022. From this population, a sample of 30 participants was selected using an accessible sampling method and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) was taken from the participants. To gather data and evaluate relevant attributes and conditions, a semi-structured clinical interview demographic form and the second version of the Beck Depression Inventory were administered. Moreover, for the analysis of research hypotheses, statistical methods including the ANCOVA analysis test and paired t-tests were applied through the SPSS-16 statistical software. The findings of this study indicated that schema therapy significantly influenced the levels of dysfunctional attitudes and emotional dysregulation in patients with persistent depressive disorder.
Exploring factor structure of the dysfunctional attitudes scale
The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) was designed to measure patterns of maladaptive thinking held by depressed individuals. Despite its wide use as a research and clinical tool, only a few studies have been carried out to examine its psychometric properties in a high school student population in Iran. The objective of this study was to validate the Iranian version of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale Form A in the context of Iranian students. A total of 522 Iranian students (275 females and 225 males) from high schools participated in the study. Participants completed a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and an Automatic Thought Questionnaire (ATQ). Exploratory factor analysis, reliability analyses and confirmatory factor analysis were undertaken to assess the psychometric properties and validation of the DAS. Exploratory factor analyses showed a four-factor model of dysfunctional attitude scale. The fit of the proposed four-factor model was not promising. The internal consistency of the DAS (40 items) was reasonable (Cronbach's = 0.72).The DAS correlated with the GHQ (r = 0.28) and the ATQ (r = 0.35). The results of exploratory factor analyses fairly supported the four-factor framework with Iranian students; however, confirmatory factor analysis was not fit with the model. Implications are discussed in detail.
Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Depressive Disorders
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the interrelationships of Young’s early maladaptive schemas with indicators of specific neural emotional systems conceptualized in Panksepp’s theory in a group of people suffering from depressive disorders. Materials and methods: The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) v. 2.4. and J. Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL) were used. Ninety (90) individuals aged 18–58, including 45 people treated for depression (DD group), were qualified to participate in the experiment. Results: The subjects in the DD group scored statistically significantly lower than the subjects from the control group (CG group) on the three ANPS scale domains, namely SEEKING, PLAY, and ANGER. The subjects with depressive symptoms scored significantly higher in the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire on two domains of early maladaptive schemas, i.e., “Impaired autonomy and performance” and “Other-directedness”. Regression analysis results indicate that...