Settlement and Landscape Transformations in the Amuq Valley, Hatay (original) (raw)
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The transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East is recognised as a period of major social and historical significance. Despite being at the centre of these changes, the Late Bronze Age II-Iron Age III at Alalakh and in the Amuq valley generally remains poorly understood in terms of chronology and local development. This paper presents the pottery assemblage coming from selected Late Bronze Age II–Iron Age III contexts from the sites of Alalakh and Sabuniye
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This research began as part of the Hittite Historical Atlas Project (HHA), and it aims to designate the settlements that were occupied during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA, ca. 2000-1600 BC1) and the Late Bronze Age (LBA, ca. 1600-1200 BC) in the Amuq Valley in southern Turkey. In combining the archaeological data with the textual evidence in the HHA, this research identifies 2nd millennium BC sites which could possibly be associated with site names mentioned in the textual records, but which have not yet been located. Although it is archaeologically not possible to trace the presence or absence of Hittite material culture through survey material, changes in the local pottery traditions, as well as in settlement patterns, can be linked to the changing socio-political environment in the region. This task is accomplished by re-evaluating the data gathered during the surveys conducted in the Amuq Valley by Robert Braidwood and K. Aslıhan Yener to acquire a better understanding of the MBA-LBA sequence of the region. This is made possible because of the new excavations conducted in the last 15 years at the Bronze Age capital city of Alalakh (Tell Atchana), which have begun to provide a stratified local ceramic sequence that can be used as a reference for a new look at the 2nd millennium BC Amuq settlements through survey collections.
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The Amuq region, located at the crossroads between Cilicia, Anatolia, Syria and Mesopotamia has always played a crucial role in understanding interaction and acculturation processes between different cultural groups. The archaeological discoveries of the last twenty years in Aleppo, Tell Tayinat, and in the Amuq provided important elements on the Iron Age I, proving that at least since the 11th century BC the region was the core of an independent policy; its material culture, known from old and recent excavations at Tell Tayinat, Tell Atchana, Chatal Höyük, Sabuniye, and Tell Judeidah, shows Anatolian, Mycenaean and north-Syrian (local) features mixed and melted to shape a new horizon of material culture. This article provides a short summary on the historical evidence at our disposal and an overview on the archaeology for the Iron Age I–II in the Amuq; it focuses on the processes of formation of a community, whose material culture seems to be a balance between Late Bronze Age legacy and Iron Age innovations, and investigates the geographical spread of this material in the neighbouring regions with a special focus on the Iron Age I and II, before the Assyrian conquest of Tell Tayinat (738 BC).