Immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle fibers following exercise (original) (raw)
Related papers
Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?
Exercise immunology review, 2006
It is now recognized that contracting skeletal muscle may synthesize and release interleukin-6 (IL-6) into the interstitium as well as into the systemic circulation in response to a bout of exercise. Although several sources of IL-6 have been demonstrated, contracting muscles contributes to most of the IL-6 present in the circulation in response to exercise. The magnitude of the exercise-induced IL-6 response is dependent on intensity and especially duration of the exercise, while the mode of exercise has little effect. Several mechanisms may link muscle contractions to IL-6 synthesis: Changes in calcium homeostasis, impaired glucose availability, and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are all capable of activating transcription factors known to regulate IL-6 synthesis. Via its effects on liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and leukocytes, IL-6 may modulate the immunological and metabolic response to exercise. However, prolonged exercis...
European Journal of Sport Science Interleukin-6: Possible biological roles during exercise
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts its modulatory effects on cells that express membrane bound IL-6 receptors; however, IL-6 in a complex with soluble IL-6R can bind to any cell that express glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Thus, all cell types may respond to the pro-as well as anti-inflammatory properties of IL-6. Since the first report of acute exercise-induced increase in plasma IL-6 in the early 1990s, scientists have tried to elucidate the factors that influence the magnitude of change of plasma IL-6, as well as the possible biological roles of this cytokine. Evidence suggests that exercise intensity and duration as well as the form of contraction (e.g. eccentric or concentric) and muscle damage all influence IL-6 response to acute exercise. However, data on training status and performance on plasma IL-6 concentration changes during exercise are more inconclusive, as discussed in this review. In the last decade, most of the studies have focused on IL-6 as an 'energy sensor' possibly secreted by skeletal muscle that activates glycogenolysis in the liver and lipolysis in fat tissue in order to provide muscle with the growing energy demands during exercise.
The role of interleukin-6 as a signalizer in different tissues during physical exercise
Fitness & Performance Journal
The big challenge for exercise physiologists has been to determine how the muscles signalize to the central nervous system and to the peripheral organs, during physical exercise. The search for knowledge about the signalizers produced during exercise, the relations between the muscle, brain and other tissues increased considerably. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines, which are produced and released by skeletal muscle, may exert their regulatory effects on the adipose tissue, brain, cardiovascular system and the liver, receiving the denomination of myokines. Additionally, the very adipose tissue, as well as the brain, produces IL-6 that possibly acts as a signalizer between these tissues, exerting influence in the metabolic system and in the fatigue during exercise.
Increase in interstitial interleukin-6 of human skeletal muscle with repetitive low-force exercise
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is released from muscle tissue during intense exercise, possesses important metabolic and probably anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate the IL-6 response to low-intensity exercise we conducted two studies: I) a control study with insertion of microdialysis catheters in muscle and determination of interstitial muscle IL-6 response over two hours of rest and II) an exercise study to investigate the IL-6 response to 20 min repetitive low-force exercise. In both studies a microdialysis catheter (cut-off 3000 kDa) was inserted into the upper trapezius muscle of 6 male subjects and the catheters were perfused with ringer-acetat at 5 µl min -1 . Venous plasma samples were taken in the exercise study.
AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2004
Contracting skeletal muscle expresses large amounts of IL-6. Because 1) IL-6 mRNA expression in contracting skeletal muscle is enhanced by low muscle glycogen content, and 2) IL-6 increases lipolysis and oxidation of fatty acids, we hypothesized that regular exercise training, associated with increased levels of resting muscle glycogen and enhanced capacity to oxidize fatty acids, would lead to a less-pronounced increase of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA in response to acute exercise. Thus, before and after 10 wk of knee extensor endurance training, skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA expression was determined in young healthy men ( n = 7) in response to 3 h of dynamic knee extensor exercise, using the same relative workload. Maximal power output, time to exhaustion during submaximal exercise, resting muscle glycogen content, and citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme activity were all significantly enhanced by training. IL-6 mRNA expression in resting skeletal muscle did not ...
Interleukin-6 Kinetics in Blood After Acute Exercise: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications (Atena Editora), 2024
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a central role in regulating immune and metabolic responses to exercise. This literature review examines the kinetics of IL-6 in the blood after acute exercise sessions, highlighting the main factors that influence its release, such as the type of exercise, intensity, duration and energy supplementation. The studies reviewed indicate that long-term aerobic exercise tends to cause more significant increases in IL-6 levels compared to resistance exercise. In addition, carbohydrate ingestion during exercise can attenuate IL-6 elevation, while fasted exercise amplifies this response. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed, especially in relation to the use of exercise as a therapeutic strategy to modulate the inflammatory state in individuals with chronic conditions. The review concludes that IL-6 is an essential mediator of adaptations to exercise and suggests directions for future research in the area.