Guidelines for typology definition of European physical assets for earthquake risk assessment. SYNER-G Reference Report 2, Publications Office of the European Union (original) (raw)
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Guidelines for typology definition of European physical assets for earthquake risk assessment
Publications Office of the European Union, 2013
It is an essential step in urban earthquake risk assessment to compile inventory databases of elements at risk and to make a classification on the basis of pre-defined typology/taxonomy definitions. Typology definitions and the classification system should reflect the vulnerability characteristics of the systems at risk, e.g. buildings, lifeline networks, transportation infrastructures, etc., as well as of their sub-components in order to ensure a uniform interpretation of data and risk analyses results. In this report, a summary of literature review of existing classification systems and taxonomies of the European physical assets at risk is provided in Chapter 2. The identified main typologies and the classification of the systems and their sub-components, i.e. SYNER-G taxonomies, for Buildings, Utility Networks, Transportation Infrastructures and Critical Facilities are presented in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.
A Building Classification System for Multi-hazard Risk Assessment
2022
A uniform and comprehensive classification system, often referred to as taxonomy, is fundamental for the characterization of building portfolios for natural hazard risk assessment. A building taxonomy characterizes assets according to attributes that can influence the likelihood of damage due to the effects of natural hazards. Within the scope of the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) initiative, a building taxonomy (GEM Building Taxonomy V2.0) was developed with the goal of classifying buildings according to their seismic vulnerability. This taxonomy contained 13 building attributes, including the main material of construction, lateral load-resisting system, date of construction and number of stories. Since its release in 2012, the taxonomy has been used by hundreds of experts working on exposure and risk modeling efforts. These applications allowed the identification of several limitations, which led to the improvement and expansion of this taxonomy into a new classification system compatible with multi-hazard risk assessment. This expanded taxonomy (named GED4ALL) includes more attributes and several details relevant for buildings exposed to natural hazards beyond earthquakes. GED4ALL has been applied in several international initiatives, enabling the identification of the most common building classes in the world, and facilitating compatibility between exposure models and databases of vulnerability and damage databases.
Building typology for risk assessment: case study Antakya (Hatay)
In close collaboration with local partners, Earthquake Damage Analysis Center (EDAC) of Bauhaus-Universität Weimar initiated a Turkish-German joint research project on Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the Antakya-Maraş-Region (SERAMAR). Starting in the province capital Antakya, an ancient city of 200,000 inhabitants in the southernmost tip of Turkey, the project is concerned with the damage and loss prognosis under scenario earth¬quakes similar in size to historic events. For this purpose, the whole building stock was surveyed; the buildings are classified on the basis of different parameters being relevant for their seismic performance: (1) Identification of structural systems and construction types (2) Assignment of the most likely and still probable ranges of vulnerability classes according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). (3) Sub-classification of the predominant RC buildings (62% of the whole building stock) with respect to their use (commercial, private et...
Vulnerability assessment of urban building stock: a hierarchic approach
In the last decades the evaluation of the seismic risk are of rising concern, considered essential in the activity and definition of strategy planning and urban management. The evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the existent building stock in the perspective of the seismic risk mitigation should not be placed only in relation to the isolated buildings of relevant historical and cultural importance, but also, in relation to the agglomerate of buildings in urban centres. The chronological construction process frequently results in characteristic heterogeneity of masonry and wall connection quality. In addition, buildings do not constitute independent units given that they share the mid-walls with adjacent buildings and the façade walls are aligned. This way, as post-seismic observations proved, buildings do not have an independent structural behaviour, but they interact amongst themselves, mainly for horizontal actions and so the structural performance should be studied at the level of the aggregate and not only for each isolated building. In most cases, for masonry structures there is no need for sophisticated dynamic analyses for seismic resistance verification or vulnerability assessment. This is even more relevant when an assessment at the level of a city centre is pursued. In this work, the results of evaluation of the vulnerability will be presented in accordance to three proposed methodologies based on a vulnerability index that consequently allows the evaluation of damage and creation of loss scenarios (economical and human) not only at the level of the building and its façade walls but also at the level of the aggregates. It will be discussed and evaluated the application of the referred methodologies and its integration in an GIS platform.
Evaluation of the Vulnerability of Existing Building Stocks Under Single and Multi Hazard Impact
2018
An engineering based, mathematically well-founded evaluation system for the vulnerability of building stocks under the impact of the natural hazards (earthquake, flood, tsunami and wind) and their combined consideration in the sense of a Multi Hazard vulnerability is of increasing importance, but so far not available. The presented evaluation system is based on the elements of the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98, Grünthal et al. 1998), considering the vulnerability classes of structural types are derived from the observed effects as well as eventand region-specific data analyses. The presented methodology allows the specification of the most likely vulnerability classes, the probable ranges of scatter and their extension for the exceptional cases of different building types. Following the principles of EMS-98, for each natural hazard a Vulnerability Table is derived. It assigns the probable vulnerability classes for the predominant building types. Depending on the type of n...
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2019
The assemblage of a building inventory is necessary for the evaluation of seismic impact scenarios at the territorial scale. Building inventory, representing the distribution of building vulnerability classes at the territorial scale, could be performed at different levels of detail, depending on the size of the building stock, the territorial unit of analysis and on the adopted vulnerability model. Census-based data are usually employed as primary source for building inventory. A recent advancement towards compilation of regional scale inventories is provided by the interview-based Cartis approach, implemented in Italy within "Territorial themes" Reluis project, financed by the Italian Civil Protection Department. This paper proposes a first comparison of the results in terms of building inventory and the subsequent impact assessment that are obtained using Census (CE) and Cartisbased (CA) data for a town in southern Italy; a probabilistic framework for inventory is applied. Different vulnerability models are adopted and results compared. Moreover, a simple procedure that combines the informative levels present in the two approaches is proposed, allowing a mixed-type inventory from Census and Cartis data (CC) to be used for seismic impact assessment. Results of the application show that the inventory and related damage distribution changes as a function of the method adopted and in relation to the parameters considered for building classification in the vulnerability model. Comparing the impact in terms of a mean value of damage over the entire municipality, d m , calculated for various seismic intensities and starting from CE, CA and CC inventory, it is seen that the CC inventory is generally more conservative with respect to CA and CE for all the vulnerability methods, and a maximum scatter of approximately 45% in terms of d m is obtained for the considered application with one of the vulnerability methods.
Annals of Geophysics, 2020
Understanding damage to non-structural elements, identifying sources of critical issues, and how damage affects the functionality of facilities are all critical aspects for developing general recommendations concerning disaster risk management. In the present paper a review of non-structural damage caused by recent earthquakes was performed in several localities exposed to seismic hazard such as Mt. Etna in Italy, Lisbon and Azores islands in Portugal and southern Lowland in Iceland. This was needed in order to derive the most common non-structural damage framed into the local situation, which in turn is a basic requirement for a well tailored communication campaign. The observed damage to non-structural elements as derived in this study led to the conclusion that the most commonly damaged elements are partition walls, ceiling systems, non-structural vaults, chimneys, building contents and storage racks. Analyses proved that substantive efforts are needed worldwide to im...
Vulnerability Assessment of Large Building Stocks – Lessons from the Seramar Project
2016
The description of building vulnerability and resultant derived damage prognoses for different impact levels are the key element for any seismic risk study. In cases where realistic, detailed and reliable risk scenarios should support socioeconomic decisions and mitigation strategies, the entire building stock has to be considered, and a broad database is required to allocate empirical vulnerability and/ or analytical fragility functions for the damage assessment. The engineerassigned (most probable) vulnerability, performance score or building type specific fragility function have to consider the uncertainty in building response characteristic and the particularities of the local construction practice. As an outcome of a Turkish-German joint research project on Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the AntakyaMaraş-Region (SERAMAR) different methods and strategies for the vulnerability assessment of a large building stock could be developed, applied and finally compared. Within...
This paper discusses the problem of validation of a proposed uniform European building database. It proposes a process for validation using a set of so-called "test-bed" sites in Europe in which detailed local building-by-building surveys have been made in the recent past in a variety of projects. It explains how the data from these studies has been harmonised; proposes an appropriate building classification system for validation; and proposes a set of validation metrics which can be used to assess the quality of the data in the uniform database against the data from the test-bed sites, and to estimate the uncertainties which can be assigned to the database. An example of validation against an existing approximate Europe-wide inventory is given.