Plant development in a mycorrhizal field-grown mixture (original) (raw)
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– The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nitrogen fixing and non-fixing plant growth and macro-and micro-nutrient uptake were observed under field conditions. Several field experiments were set up on the research farm of Çukurova University (Eastern Mediterranean region). In one experiment clover, lentil, onion, garlic, chickpea and horse-bean plants were used. Cocktail mycorrhiza was used as a mycorrhizal strain. The results have shown, that in mycorrhizal plots, the yields of onion, garlic, chickpea, clover, lentil and horse-bean plants were higher than in non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation also increased Cu and Zn content in the shoot. In another experiment carried out under field conditions for three successful years on horse-bean, chickpea and soybean plants, mycorrhizal inoculation was successfully applied in sterile and non-sterile soil conditions with and without phosphorous application. After a three-year evaluation it was found that under field conditions my...
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science, 2006
Since most of the Central Anatolian soils are P and Zn deficient, mycorrhizae may help plants to obtain sufficient nutrients from the soil without the need to apply additional chemical fertilizers. As far as is known, some plants are strongly mycorrhizal dependent for P nutrition, but less is known about the mycorrhizal dependence with Zn nutrition. Hypotheses were tested under P and Zn deficient soils to find out whether kidney bean plants are mycorrhizal dependent or not. Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were grown for 8 weeks in two widely distributed calcareous clay soils with low nutrient content from Central Anatolian Sultanö nü and Konya soils (sterilized by autoclaving). The experiment was conducted with three levels of phosphorus (0, 25, 125 mg P kg (1 soil), and two rates of Zn (0 and 5 mg Zn kg (1 soil) Two selected arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) species (Glomus mosseae and G. etunicatum) were inoculated. In the Sultanö nü soil, mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant growth and P and Zn uptake. The positive effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant P content and uptake was found to be higher when higher levels of phosphorus were applied. The soil from Konya with a high concentration of boron inhibited normal growth of kidney bean plants. Mycorrhizal root colonization was different with mycorrhizal inoculation. Root colonization was not affected by P and Zn application, but it has been shown that the plant is strongly dependent on P nutrition, especially at low P application levels. However, although mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant concentration of Zn, plants were less dependent on Zn nutrition.
Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2019
The cultivation of horticultural crops, such as green peppers, tomatoes, eggplants and bell peppers is very common in semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions. Two field experiments were performed to determine the effect of mycorrhizal species, plant species and phosphorus levels on mycorrhizal effectiveness and phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) nutrient uptake. In the first experiment, under field conditions, four plants species were inoculated with five arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) species. In the second field experiment, under the same soil conditions, the same plant species were treated with three levels of phosphorus (P), i.e., control; 50 kg and 100 kg P 2 O 5 ha À1. The most effective mycorrhiza species Claroideoglomus etunicatum selected in the first experiment was used in the second field first experiment. In the first experiment, fruit yield enhancement, yield increase, inoculation effectiveness and nutrient concentration in the plant leaves were analyzed. Under field conditions, plant species growth is strongly dependent on the species of AM fungi. Tomato and green pepper plants were inoculated with Cl. etunicatum, eggplants were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and bell peppers were inoculated with Rhizophagus clarus, which are high fruit-yielding plant species. In general, Fu. mosseae and Cl. etunicatum increased the yield of the tomatoes, green peppers and eggplants. It seems mycorrhiza species specific to plant species. In the second experiment, mycorrhizal inoculation with P fertilizer application, in particular a moderate amount of P (50 kg ha À1 P 2 O 5) fertilizer increased the green pepper, bell pepper and tomato fruit yield compared with noninoculated plants and non-P fertilizer application treatments. Increasing the application of P level reduced the mycorrhizal inoculation effectiveness (MIE). The results indicate that for all four solanaceae family plants 50 kg ha À1 P 2 O 5 is a P level threshold for mycorrhizal development, which enhanced plant growth and addition of fertilizer over 50 kg ha À1 P 2 O 5 reduced MIE. P and Zn uptake were significantly increased with mycorrhizal inoculation. These findings are supported by our hypothesis that mycorrhiza inoculation can reduce mycorrhizal dependent horticultural plants P fertilizer requirement.
Chemical alteration of the rhizosphere of the mycorrhizal-colonized wheat root
Mycorrhiza, 2005
Plexiglass pot growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the chemical alterations in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal wheat roots after inoculation with Glomus intraradices [arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)]. Exchange resins were used as sinks for nutrients to determine whether the inoculated plant can increase the solubility and the uptake of P and micronutrients. Treatments included: (1) soil (bulk soil); (2) AMF inoculation 5no P addition (I−P); (3) no inoculation with no P addition (NI−P); (4) AMF inoculation with addition of 50 mg P (kg soil) −1 (I+P), and (5) no inoculation with addition of 50 mg P (kg soil) −1 (NI+P). The AMF inoculum was added at a rate of four spores of G. intraradices (g soil) −1. The exchange resin membranes were inserted vertically 5 cm apart in the middle of Plexiglass pots. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Len) was planted in each Plexiglass pot and grown for 2 weeks in a growth chamber where water was maintained at field capacity. Rhizosphere pH and redox potential (Eh), nutrient bioavailability indices and mycorrhizal colonization were determined. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the colonization more when P was not added, but did not increase the shoot dry weight at either P level. The rhizosphere pH was lower in the inoculated plants compared to the noninoculated plants in the absence of added P, while the Eh did not change. The decrease in pH in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants could be responsible for the increased P and Zn uptake observed with inoculation. In contrast, Mn uptake was decreased by inoculation. The resin-adsorbed P was increased by inoculation, which, along with the bioavailability index data, may indicate that mycorrhizal roots were able to increase the solubility of soil P.
Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2011
on a growth medium to assess the impact of several selected mycorrhiza including indigenous AMF-maize hybrid combinations on spore production, plant growth and nutrient uptake. In the experiment, six maize (Zea mays L.) (Luce, Vero, Darva, Pegasso, P.3394, and P.32K61) genotypes were used. Control, Glomus mossea, G. caledonium, G. etunicatum, G. clarium, G. macrocarpum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, Dr. Kinkon (Japanese species), indigenous mycorrhizae (Balcalı series) and cocktail mycorrhizae species spores were used. The growth of maize genotypes was found to depend on the mycorrhizal species. For shoot and root dry weight production G. intraradices is one of the most efficient mycorrhiza species on average on all maize genotypes. Genotypes P.3394 and P.32K61 produced the highest shoot and root dry weight as well. Pagasso and Darva genotypes compared to the other genotypes have high root colonization percentages. On average G. clarium inoculated plants also have high percentages of root colonization. It has been found that the P.32K61 genotype has a high phosphorus (P)% content and Pagasso genotypes have higher zinc (Zn) content uptake than other genotypes. G. clarium inoculated maize genotype plant tissues have high P% and Zn content. G. intraradices is also efficient for P and Zn uptake. Mycorrhizal dependent maize genotypes showed variability in P efficiency from inefficient to efficient genotypes.
Field Crops Research, 2012
The potential effect of indigenous and selected mycorrhizal fungal inoculation and phosphorus (P) treatment on plant growth, yield, root infection and inoculation effectiveness (IE) were tested with and without methyl bromide (MBr) for three successive years under field conditions. In 1997-1999, twelve plant species were used as host plants in a Menzilat soil series (Typic Xerofluvents) in the Mediterranean coastal region of Turkey. Compared to non-inoculated control plants, mycorrhizal inoculation increased yield in some years, but not in others. The mycorrhizal inoculum increased the root colonization of garlic, horsebean, soybean, chickpea, melon, watermelon, cucumber, maize, cotton, pepper, eggplant and tomato plants compared with the non-inoculated treatments. Compared to fumigation, plant roots grown in non-fumigated soil and successfully infected by indigenous mycorrhiza, resulted with better plant growth. Plant species belonging to the Solanaceae, Leguminosae, and Cucurbitaceae showed high responses to the mycorrhizal inoculation effectiveness under both fumigated and non-fumigated soil conditions. In general, IE was higher under low P supply than under high P supply. The effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant P and Zn concentrations were determined: mycorrhiza-inoculated plants had a higher nutrient content than non-inoculated plants, and this was most pronounced under fumigated soil conditions. After 3 years of field experiments, it has been concluded that for (seeded) field crops, soil and plant management systems make a great contribution to indigenous mycorrhiza to improve plant development. Whereas for horticultural plants, on the other hand, (plants transplanted into the field as seedlings), mycorrhizal inoculation makes it easy to use for large agricultural areas compared with the non-inoculated plants. It can be suggested to the farmers that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculated seedlings can be used under field conditions for high yield and quality.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhances nutrient uptake in chickpea
Plant, Soil and Environment, 2011
Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) colonize roots of host plants and promote plant growth due to improved uptake of nutrients. While the effects on P uptake are well known, the relevance of AMF for the uptake of other nutrients is less investigated. In the present paper we studied contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the legume chickpea in pot experiments during two seasons. Beside the control, the following treatment combinations: (i) the inoculation with the commercial AMF product ‘Symbivit®’; (ii) soil sterilization before inoculation, and (iii) mineral nitrogen application. A moderate level of AMF colonization (18–55% of roots), enhanced the nutrient uptake of chickpea. With P, Mn, and in 2006 also with K, Cu, and Fe the nutrient concentrations were also elevated, even along with a simultaneous increase in plant biomass. Soil sterilization or fertilization with N showed no significant effect on nutrient uptake and biomass production.
Uptake and transport of organic and inorganic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil
Plant and Soil
New information on N uptake and transport of inorganic and organic N in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is reviewed here. Hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) were shown to transport N supplied as 15 N-Gly to wheat plants after a 48 h labelling period in semi-hydroponic (Perlite), non-sterile, compartmentalised pot cultures. Of the 15 N supplied to hyphae in pot cultures over 48 h, 0.2 and 6% was transported to plants supplied with insufficient N or sufficient N, respectively. The increased 15 N uptake at the higher N supply was related to the higher hyphal length density at the higher N supply. These findings were supported by results from in vitro and monoxenic studies. Excised hyphae from four Glomus isolates (BEG 84, 107, 108 and 110) acquired N from both inorganic ( 15 NH 4 15 NO 3 , 15 NO 3 − or 15 NH 4 + ) and organic ( 15 N-Gly and 15 N-Glu, except in BEG 84 where amino acid uptake was not tested) sources in vitro during short-term experiments. Confirming these studies under sterile conditions where no bacterial mineralisation of organic N occurred, monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith were shown to transport N from organic sources ( 15 N-Gly and 15 N-Glu) to Ri T-DNA transformed, AM-colonised carrot roots in a long-term experiment. The higher N uptake (also from organic N) by isolates from nutrient poor sites (BEG 108 and 110) compared to that from a conventional agricultural field implied that ecotypic differences occur. Although the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolates used contributed to the acquisition of N from both inorganic and organic sources by the host plants/roots used, this was not enough to increase the N nutritional status of the mycorrhizal compared to non-mycorrhizal hosts.