Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Efficiency for Carotenes from Carrots by RSM (original) (raw)
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Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2012
β-carotene acts as an antioxidant and is receiving growing interest due to its ability as protecting agent against heart diseases, cancer and strengthening effect on red blood cells. The main aim of this work was to study the kinetics of the supercritical fluid extraction of β-carotene from tray dried carrots at 40˚C, 50˚C and 55˚C and 30, 35 and 40 MPa at SC-CO 2 flow rate of 2.0 L/min for extraction time of up to 6 h. It was observed that the concentration of β-carotene in the extract increased with pressure, temperature and extraction time. The results indicated that yield was found to be maximum at 45˚C and 35 MPa at 2 L/min SC-CO 2 flow rate. Concentration of β-carotene in the extract increased with SC-CO 2 flow rate. Weibull distribution model described adequately the kinetics of extraction of β-carotene from carrots.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of â-carotene and lycopene from tomato paste waste
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000
Lycopene and -carotene were extracted from tomato paste waste using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). To optimize supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) results for the isolation of lycopene and -carotene, a factorial designed experiment was conducted. The factors assessed were the temperature of the extractor (35, 45, 55, and 65°C), the pressure of the extraction fluid (200, 250, and 300 bar), addition of cosolvent (5, 10, and 15% ethanol), extraction time (1, 2, and 3 h), and CO 2 flow rate (2, 4, and 8 kg/h). The total amounts of lycopene and -carotene in the tomato paste waste, extracts, and residues were determined by HPLC. A maximum of 53.93% of lycopene was extracted by SC-CO 2 in 2 h (CO 2 flow rate ) 4 kg/h) at 55°C and 300 bar, with the addition of 5% ethanol as a cosolvent. Half of the initially present -carotene was extracted in 2 h (flow rate ) 4 kg/h), at 65°C and 300 bar, also with the addition of 5% ethanol.
Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of β-Carotene and Lycopene from Tomato Paste Waste
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000
Lycopene and -carotene were extracted from tomato paste waste using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). To optimize supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) results for the isolation of lycopene and -carotene, a factorial designed experiment was conducted. The factors assessed were the temperature of the extractor (35, 45, 55, and 65°C), the pressure of the extraction fluid (200, 250, and 300 bar), addition of cosolvent (5, 10, and 15% ethanol), extraction time (1, 2, and 3 h), and CO 2 flow rate (2, 4, and 8 kg/h). The total amounts of lycopene and -carotene in the tomato paste waste, extracts, and residues were determined by HPLC. A maximum of 53.93% of lycopene was extracted by SC-CO 2 in 2 h (CO 2 flow rate ) 4 kg/h) at 55°C and 300 bar, with the addition of 5% ethanol as a cosolvent. Half of the initially present -carotene was extracted in 2 h (flow rate ) 4 kg/h), at 65°C and 300 bar, also with the addition of 5% ethanol.
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2008
Carotenoids have been extracted from rosehip fruit using supercritical CO 2 at various extraction conditions. Carotenoids content in the extract was also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Extraction was carried out at pressures of 150-450 bar, temperatures of 40-80 • C and CO 2 flow rates of 2-4 ml/min. A full 3 3 factorial design, in which pressure, temperature and CO 2 flow rate were used as design factors, coupled with statistical analysis of the results, by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), was used to optimize operating condition of carotenoids extraction in SC-CO 2 . Extraction rate constant was calculated from the dependence of extraction yield on extraction time at 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 110 and 150 min. Based on the experimental results, the total carotenoids extracted from rosehip fruit were found to be 10.35-20.88 mg/g fruit, and the maximum amount of carotenoids extracted was obtained at 80 • C, 450 bar and 4 ml/min. As determined by HPLC methods, the carotenoids extracted contained lycopene and -carotene as main components, and small amount of lutein. The amount of lycopene, -carotene and lutein extracted were 1.180-14.37 mg/g feed, 0.154-1.017 mg/g feed and 1.258-16.84 g/g feed, respectively. The optimization results demonstrated that temperature was to be the influential variable on the extraction yield of carotenoids, with the statistical significant effect p-value was smaller than 0.05. For lycopene extracted, all variables (temperature, pressure and CO 2 flow rate) were to be the influential variables, but there is no possible interaction among variables. For -carotene and lutein extracted, the influential variables were pressure and CO 2 flow rate without any interactions among variables. The mean extraction rate constant, k, of total carotenoids increased with increasing pressure and temperature, and the k values were (3.344-5.851) × 10 −3 min −1 .
Lwt - Food Science and Technology, 2010
Pumpkin is a traditional food that is grown extensively worldwide and is believed to be beneficial to human health due to its high contents of carotenoids. The carotenoids in pumpkin were extracted by organic solvents and by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ), and then they were identified, quantified, and compared. b-carotene (31 to 40 g per 100 g of total carotenoids) was the predominate carotenoid in pumpkin. Lutein and lycopene contents were much higher in SC-CO 2 extracts than those in organic solvent extract. Cis-b-carotene increased by more than two times in the SC-CO 2 extracts, even at a relatively low temperature of 40 C, over those in the solvent extracts, indicating both enhanced solubility and isomerization from trans-to cis-b-carotene. The influences of modifier (10 mL/100 mL), temperature (40-70 C), and pressure (25-35 MPa) of SC-CO 2 extraction on the change of carotenoid yields were also investigated. The highest yield (109.6 mg/g) was obtained at 70 C and 35 MPa, with a 73.7% recovery. Selective extraction could be achieved by adjusting the temperature and pressure. Higher proportions of all-trans-b-carotene extracts were achieved at 40 C under both 25 MPa and 35 MPa conditions. In order to extract more cis-isomers, a higher temperature of 70 C was preferred.
Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Carotene and Lutein from Leaf Protein Concentrates
Journal of Food Science, 1988
Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide was used to extract carotene and lutein from leaf protein concentrate (LPC). Extractions were performed using pressures of 10-70 MPa at 40°C and CO2 flow rates of 5-6 L/min. Over 90% of the carotene contained in LPC was removed at extraction pressures in excess of 30 MPa. Removal of lutein from LPC required higher extraction pressures (70 MPa) and gas volumes to attain a 70% recovery level. Experimental results were rationalized with the aid of solubility parameter theory. The described process offers the possibility of obtaining a selective extraction of natural colorants, free of solvent residuals, which can be used as food dyes.
Supercritical CO2Extraction of Carotene and Lutein from Leaf Protein Concentrates
Journal of Food Science, 1988
Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide was used to extract carotene and lutein from leaf protein concentrate (LPC). Extractions were performed using pressures of 10-70 ivlPa at 40'C and CO 2 flow rates of 5-6 Llmin. Over 90% of the carotene contained in LPC was removed at extraction pressures in excess of 30 MPa. Removal of lutein from LPC required higher extraction pressures (70 ivlPa) and gas volumes to attain a 70% recovery level. Experimental results were rationalized with the aid of solubility parameter theory. The described process offers the possibility of obtaining a selective extraction of natural colorants, free of solvent residuals, which can be used as food dyes.
Lycopene and β-Carotene Extraction from Tomato Processing Waste Using Supercritical CO 2
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2003
Tomato skins and their mixtures with seeds were submitted to supercritical CO 2 extraction using a flow apparatus at pressures of 250 and 300 bar and temperatures of 60 and 80°C. Two different mean particle sizes (80 and 345 µm) were used at two solvent flow rates (0.792 and 1.35 kg/h). The yields of lipids, lycopene, and -carotene obtained by supercritical fluid extraction were compared with those obtained by conventional organic solvent extraction. Supercritical fluid extraction from tomato skins at 300 bar and 80°C allowed the recovery of 80% of the lycopene and 88% of the -carotene, using about 130 g of CO 2 per gram of matrix at the lower flow rate of CO 2 .
Processes
The food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries have strong demands for lycopene, the carotenoid with the highest antioxidant activity. Usually, this carotenoid is extracted from tomatoes using various extraction methods. This work aims to improve the quantity and quality of extracts from tomato slices by enhancing the recovery of the carotenoids from the solid matrix to the solvent using 20 w/w% seeds as modifiers and supercritical CO2 extraction with optimal parameters as the method. Tomato (TSM), camelina (CSM) and hemp (HSM) seeds were used as modifiers due to their quality (polyunsaturated fatty acids content of 53–72%). A solubility of ~10 mg carotenoids/100 g of oil was obtained for CSM and HSM, while, for TSM, the solubility was 28% higher (due to different compositions of long carbon chains). An increase in the extraction yield from 66.00 to 108.65 g extract/kg dried sample was obtained in the following order: TSM < HSM < CSM. Two products, an oil rich in carotenoids...
Supercritical CO 2 extraction of carotenoids from pitanga fruits ( Eugenia uniflora L
Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2008
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction was employed to extract carotenoids from the freezedried pulp of pitanga fruits (Eugenia uniflora L.), an exotic fruit, rich in carotenoids and still little explored commercially. The SC-CO 2 extraction was carried out at two temperatures, 40 and 60 • C, and seven pressures, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 bar. The carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography connected to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors. Lycopene, rubixanthin and -cryptoxanthin were the main carotenoids present in the freeze-dried pitanga pulp, whereas -cryptoxanthin concentration was negligible in the SC-CO 2 extracts, for all the investigated state conditions. The maximum recovery of carotenoids was obtained at 60 • C and 250 bar, extracting 55% of the total carotenoid content, 74% of the rubixanthin and 78% of the lycopene from the pulp. Under these state conditions, the total carotenoid concentration in the extract was 5474 g/g, represented by 66% lycopene and 32% rubixanthin. The experimental state conditions produced different SC-CO 2 extracts with respect to the extraction yield and concentration of different carotenoids, indicating that the supercritical carbon dioxide was selective in the extraction of the pitanga carotenoids as a function of temperature and pressure.