Clocks and General Relativity (original) (raw)

New Discovery of the Influence of Gravitation on Clocks

2015

According to the general theory of relativity (GR), when approaching the strong gravitational source, the time will be slowdown and this effect has been acknowledged because of the exact cesium atomic clock. However, there is a mystery that, for the working principle of this type of clocks, there are not any effects of the gravitation. By how way can it bear the intervention of the gravitational field? While that, the types of clocks operate actually as per the principle of the gravitation as the sand-glass, water clock and pendulum clock...they do not be considered. Through the exploration, the author has found out that these types of clocks confirm one opposite thing: the time of running is fast, not slowdown as the atomic clock, quartz clock, ...and moreover, that is only for qualitative, and for the quantitative, this effect is bigger than million times in comparison with the estimation of the general relativity! But the more important thing is, from two opposite actual effects,...

Space clocks to test relativiy: ACES and SAGAS

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 2009

Atomic clocks are an outstanding tool for the experimental verification of general relativity and more generally for fundamental astronomy (VLBI, pulsar timing, navigation, etc). Recent years have seen a rapid improvement in the performance of such clocks, promising new improved tests of relativity, in particular onboard terrestrial and interplanetary space missions. We present the scientific motivations of such tests taking the ACES Salomon et al. and SAGAS Wolf et al. (2009) projects as particular examples.

A test theory of special relativity: I. Simultaneity and clock synchronization

General Relativity and Gravitation, 1977

The role of convention in various definitions of clock synchronization and simultaneity is investigated. We show that two principal methods of synchronization can be considered: system internal and system external synchronization. Synchronization by the Einstein procedure and by slow clock transport turn out to be equivalent if and only if the time dilatation factor is given by the Einstein result (1−v 2)1/2. An ether theory is constructed that maintains absolute simultaneity and is kinematically equivalent to special relativity.

General Clocks and the Clock Hypothesis

The present paper extends a previous proof of the Clock Hypothesis from the case of light clocks to clocks realized from oscillating massive particles. We also extend the study from the case of clocks undergoing constant proper acceleration to the case of clocks undergoing variable proper acceleration. We transformed the problem into one of general relativity and we applied the Euler-Lagrange formalism, thus providing a straightforward tool in solving this class of problems.

The Clock Paradox in a Static Homogeneous Gravitational Field1

Foundations of Physics Letters, 2006

The gedanken experiment of the clock paradox is solved exactly using the general relativistic equations for a static homogeneous gravitational field. We demonstrate that the general and special relativistic clock paradox solutions are identical and in particular that they are identical for finite acceleration. Practical expressions are obtained for proper time and coordinate time by using the destination distance as the key observable parameter. This solution provides a formal demonstration of the identity between the special and general relativistic clock paradox with finite acceleration and where proper time is assumed to be the same in both formalisms. By solving the equations of motion for a freely falling clock in a static homogeneous field elapsed times are calculated for realistic journeys to the stars.

Extending the Relativity of Time

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2013

More than 100 years ago, Einstein's special relativity demonstrated that time is a relative notion. The observed rate of a moving clock differs from the rate of a stationary clock. In fact, the observed rate depends on the clock's velocity. All admissible velocities are bounded by the speed of light. These predictions of special relativity have been verified experimentally in several different ways. It is natural to ask whether acceleration also influences the observed rate of a moving clock in addition to the influence due to its velocity. Today, there are several existing experimental techniques to test whether acceleration influences the observed rate of a clock. We introduce here an extension of special relativity, which we call extended relativity (ER), by assuming that acceleration effects the observed rate of a clock. We derive transformations between uniformly accelerated systems in ER. We show that ER predicts that there is a maximal acceleration. We obtain relativistic dynamics in ER. We show that Kundig's 1963 experiment indicates that acceleration does influence the rate of a clock, supporting the ER model and providing an estimate for the maximal acceleration. We will present an upcoming experiment which is designed to test whether acceleration influences the rate of a clock, and to determine the value of the maximal acceleration. A map for physics under ER will be presented. We will show how ER handles black-body radiation and some quantum properties of a Hydrogen-like atom.

New-proof-of-Einstein's-clock-paradox-by-general-relativity

A proof is given based entirely on Einstein's general relativity to successfully explain an old problem, namely the clock paradox of Einstein which originated in his 1905 paper on special relativity. Essentially the problem involves time intervals which are said to dilate by the Lorentz factor. Recall that this factor applies only in inertial systems to relative motion at velocities constant in both magnitude and direction. Einstein, however, applied it to a clock situated on the earth's surface which obviously is not at constant velocity, since its direction is changing continually; the clock is therefore in a noninertial system. Yet tests show that this factor accounts for the time dilation perfectly for all cases of circular motion; this calls for an explanation. In the paper it is explained that the true reason for the time dilation is that the clock is moving not with constant velocity but with an acceleration (centripetal) due to a change in direction. Using Einstein's Equivalence Principle and his general relativity, it is shown that time dilation in motion will occur only when the velocity is continually changing either in magnitude or in direction. Remarkably the time dilation factors in the several different kinds of motion we have analyzed all turn out to be similar in algebraic form to the Lorentz factor, a pure coincidence. The clock paradox and the related twin paradox are therefore true but only in noninertial accelerating systems. This is confirmed by all observed cases of time dilation in clocks and mesons which are in motion.

About the slowing down of accelerated clocks revisited

The convergence of the integral that gives the proper time as a function of inertial time, when speed tends to the speed of light fast enough as inertial time tends to infinity, was studied by Suárez and Ferrari in 1985.Here this problem is reconsidered, in the framework of special relativity. Nothing special (besides the rate of growth towards infinity) seems to characterize the behavior of the tangent component of the fields of 3-force along the path of the accelerated clock, in relation with the convergence or divergence of the integral that gives proper time as function of inertial time. However, seen from the viewpoint of the proper acceleration of the clock, a physically meaningful difference appears between the tangential proper acceleration histories that give a finite proper time for an infinite inertial time, and those tangential proper 3-acceleration histories that give an infinite proper time for an infinite inertial time: either a singularity in proper 3-acceleration for a finite value of proper time in one case, or its absence in the other case.

Breakdown of the Special Theory of Relativity as Proven by Synchronization of Clocks

2008

In this paper, a hypothetical preferred frame of reference ∑ is presumed, and a thought experiment is performed in which the time of a clock on a rod moving at constant velocity relative to ∑ is synchronized. In relation to coordinate system of rod 1 moving at constant velocity v, when an observer at ∑ and an observer on rod 1 attempt to predict the necessary synchronization of a clock of the coordinate system of rod 2 moving at constant velocity v′, because the relative velocity between ∑ and rod 2 and the relative velocity between rod 1 and rod 2 are not the same, there will be a difference in the predictions of these two observers. However, because the actual synchronization is done by the observer of rod 2, the predictions of the observer of ∑ and the observer of rod 1 cannot both be correct. In continuing the thought experiments until now of this paper, the coordinate system of ∑, which has not been actually proven to exist, is substituted for the coordinate system of the earth...